Contents
Preface........................................................................................................................................... xiii
Author..............................................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Urbanization Impacts on Runoff...................................................................................1
1.1 Impacts on Storm Water Quantity......................................................................1
1.2 Impacts on Water Quality...................................................................................2
1.3 NPS Pollutants and Their Impacts.....................................................................3
1.3.1 Floatables..............................................................................................5
1.3.2 Sediment................................................................................................5
1.3.3 Nutrients and Pesticides........................................................................8
1.3.4 Heavy Metals....................................................................................... 10
1.3.6 Road Salt............................................................................................. 11
1.3.7 Petroleum Hydrocarbons..................................................................... 12
1.3.8 Atmospheric Dust................................................................................ 13
1.4 Management of Storm Water Runoff............................................................... 14
References................................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 2 Pipe and Open Channel Flow: A Review.................................................................... 17
2.1 Flow Classifications.......................................................................................... 17
2.2 Energy Equation............................................................................................... 17
2.3 Specific Energy: Critical Flow......................................................................... 18
2.3.2 Critical Flow and Depth in Partly Full Circular Pipes.......................20
2.4 Normal Depth...................................................................................................22
2.4.1 Chezy Equation...................................................................................22
2.4.2 Manning Equation...............................................................................23
2.5 Calculation of Flow Depth...............................................................................26
2.5.1 Circular Sections.................................................................................26
2.5.2 Trapezoidal Sections...........................................................................29
2.6 Local Losses.....................................................................................................36
2.6.1 Entrance and Exit Losses....................................................................36
2.6.2 Sudden Expansion or Contraction.......................................................37
2.6.3 Losses at Manholes.............................................................................38
Appendix 2.A Hydraulic Properties of Round and Elliptical Pipes............................40
References................................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 3 Hydrologic Calculations.............................................................................................. 43
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 43
3.2 Rainfall Process................................................................................................ 43
3.2.1 Intensity–Duration–Frequency Curves............................................... 43
3.2.2 Rainfall Hyetograph............................................................................ 43
3.3 Initial Abstractions........................................................................................... 45
3.3.1 Interception.........................................................................................46
3.3.2 Depression Storage..............................................................................50
3.4.1 Green–Ampt Model............................................................................ 53
3.4.2 Horton Equation.................................................................................. 57
3.4.3 Philip Infiltration Model......................................................................59
3.5 Measurement of Infiltration and Permeability................................................. 61
3.5.1 Infiltrometers....................................................................................... 61
3.5.2 Permeameters...................................................................................... 61
3.5.3 Soil Gradation Analysis......................................................................63
3.6 Hydrographs.....................................................................................................64
3.6.1 Time of Concentration Equations and Nomographs...........................65
3.6.2 Other Methods of Time of Concentration Calculation.......................70
3.6.2.1 SCS Method.........................................................................70
3.6.2.2 FHWA Method.................................................................... 71
3.7.1 Rational Method.................................................................................. 76
3.7.2 Limitations of Rational Method.......................................................... 78
3.7.3 Modified Rational Method..................................................................79
3.7.4 SCS TR-55 Method............................................................................. 81
3.7.5 SCS Peak Discharge Calculations.......................................................85
3.7.5.1 Graphical Method................................................................85
3.7.5.2 Tabular Method....................................................................87
3.7.6 SCS Unit Hydrograph Method............................................................87
3.7.7 Limitations/Drawbacks of TR-55 Method..........................................89
3.7.8 WinTR-55 Method............................................................................... 91
3.8 Pazwash Universal Model................................................................................95
3.8.2 Volume of Runoff................................................................................98
3.8.3 Peak Discharge....................................................................................99
3.9 Storm Water Management Models................................................................. 102
Problems.................................................................................................................... 103
References................................................................................................................. 105
Chapter 4 Design of Storm Drainage Systems.......................................................................... 107
4.1 Introduction to Roadway Drainage Analysis................................................. 107
4.1.1 Gutter Flow....................................................................................... 107
4.2 Types of Inlets................................................................................................ 110
4.3 Inlet Design.................................................................................................... 113
4.3.2 Curb Opening Inlets.......................................................................... 121
4.3.3 Slotted Inlets...................................................................................... 123
4.3.4 Combination Inlets............................................................................ 123
4.3.5 New Jersey Inlets............................................................................... 123
4.3.6 Grates at Sags.................................................................................... 125
4.4 Inlets Spacing.................................................................................................126
4.5 Inlets on Roadways at 0% Profile................................................................... 129
4.6 Design of Storm Drains.................................................................................. 132
4.7 Hydraulic Design of Culverts......................................................................... 136
4.8 Erosion Control at Outfalls............................................................................. 151
4.8.2 Preformed Scour Holes..................................................................... 154
4.9 Drainage Swales............................................................................................. 156
4.9.1 Permissible Velocity Concept............................................................ 157
4.9.2 Tractive Force Method...................................................................... 158
4.9.3 Bare Soil and Stone Lining............................................................... 160
4.9.4 Grass Lining...................................................................................... 164
4.9.5 Manning’s Roughness Coefficient Variation with Lining................. 166
4.9.6 Channel Bends.................................................................................. 178
4.10 Other Linings................................................................................................. 180
4.10.1 Gabion Mattresses............................................................................. 181
4.10.2 Turf Reinforcement Mats.................................................................. 183
4.10.4 Properties of ECBs and TRMs.......................................................... 184
Problems.................................................................................................................... 185
Appendix 4.A Derivation of Gutter Flow Equation.......................................................187
Appendix 4.B Derivation of Flow Equations for Inlets on Roadways at 0% Profile....188
Appendix 4.C Hydraulic Design Charts for Inlets and Culverts.................................. 191
References................................................................................................................. 197
Chapter 5 Storm Water Management Regulations..................................................................... 199
5.1 Introduction: Federal Regulations.................................................................. 199
5.1.1 NPDES: Phase I Program................................................................. 199
5.1.2 NPDES: Phase II Program................................................................200
5.2 An Overview of Current Storm Water Management Regulations................. 201
5.2.1 EISA Section 438..............................................................................203
Development Projects........................................................203
5.3 NJDEP Storm Water Management Regulations.............................................204
5.3.1 Runoff Quantity Requirement...........................................................205
5.3.2 Storm Water Quality Standards........................................................206
5.3.3 Groundwater Recharge Standards.....................................................208
5.3.4 Runoff Calculation Methods.............................................................208
5.3.5 Standards for Storm Water Management Structures.........................209
5.3.6 Nonstructural Storm Water Strategies..............................................209
5.3.7 Municipal Storm Water Management Review..................................209
5.3.8 Suggestions for Improving the NJDEP Regulations.........................209
5.4.1 Water Quality Volume....................................................................... 211
5.4.2 Recharge Volume Criteria................................................................. 212
5.4.3 Channel Protection Storage Volume Criteria.................................... 214
5.4.4 Overbank Protection Volume Criteria............................................... 214
5.4.5 Extreme Flood Volume Criteria........................................................ 215
5.4.6 BMP Design...................................................................................... 215
5.4.7 Environmental Site Design............................................................... 218
5.4.8 Addressing ESD................................................................................ 221
5.4.8.1 Alternative Surfaces.......................................................... 221
5.4.8.2 Nonstructural Practices.....................................................222
5.4.9 Redevelopment..................................................................................230
5.4.9.1 Introduction.......................................................................230
5.4.9.2 Redevelopment Policy....................................................... 231
5.4.10 Special Criteria.................................................................................. 232
5.4.10.1 Sensitive Waters................................................................. 232
5.4.10.2 Wetlands, Waterways, and Critical Areas......................... 232
5.5 State of New York Storm Water Regulations................................................. 233
5.5.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 233
5.5.2 Water Quality Volume....................................................................... 233
5.5.3 WQv Treatment Practices................................................................... 235
5.5.5 Overbank Flow Control Criteria (Qp)................................................238
5.5.6 Extreme Flood Control Criteria (Qf).................................................238
5.5.7 Downstream Analysis....................................................................... 239
5.5.8 Conveyance System Design Criteria.................................................240
5.5.9 Storm Water Hotspots....................................................................... 241
5.5.10 Amendments to 2003 Manual...........................................................242
5.5.11 Comments on the New York State Storm Water Regulations...........243
References.................................................................................................................243
Chapter 6 Manufactured Water Treatment Devices..................................................................245
6.1 Overview........................................................................................................245
6.2 Certification of Water Quality Devices..........................................................247
6.3 Types of Manufactured Devices.....................................................................250
6.3.1 Catch Basin Inserts............................................................................250
6.3.2 Hydrodynamic Separation Water Quality Devices........................... 253
6.3.3 Media Filtration Water Quality Devices........................................... 257
6.4 Bio-Retention Systems...................................................................................262
Appendix 6.A Information on CDS Water Quality Units......................................... 274
References.................................................................................................................277
Chapter 7 Structural Storm Water Management Systems......................................................... 279
7.1 Detention Basins/Wet Ponds.......................................................................... 279
7.1.1 Flow Routing through Detention Basins........................................... 281
7.1.2 Outlet Structure Design.....................................................................282
7.2 Preliminary Sizing of Detention Basins.........................................................289
7.2.1 Rational and Modified Rational Methods Estimation.......................290
7.2.2 SCS TR-55 Method Estimation......................................................... 291
7.2.3 Pazwash Universal Method of Storage Volume Estimation..............292
7.2.4 Adjusting Detention Storage Volume Estimation.............................292
7.3 Extended Detention Basins............................................................................295
7.4 Underground Detention Basins...................................................................... 316
7.4.1 Solid and Perforated Pipes................................................................ 317
7.4.2 Chambers.......................................................................................... 318
7.4.3 Plastic and Concrete Vaults............................................................... 321
7.5 Water Treatment Structures............................................................................344
7.5.1 Vegetative Swales..............................................................................344
7.5.2 Filter Strips........................................................................................ 345
7.5.3 Sand Filters........................................................................................346
7.6 Infiltration Basins........................................................................................... 356
7.7 Retention–Infiltration Basins..........................................................................366
7.7.1 Dry Wells.......................................................................................... 367
7.8 Bio-Retention Basins and Constructed Wetlands........................................... 372
7.8.1 Bio-Retention Basins......................................................................... 372
7.8.2 Storm Water Wetlands....................................................................... 373
Problems....................................................................................................................384
References.................................................................................................................388
Chapter 8 New Trends in Storm Water Management................................................................ 391
8.1 Introduction, Source Reduction...................................................................... 391
8.2 Low Impact Development..............................................................................392
8.3 Smart Growth................................................................................................. 393
8.4 Green Infrastructure.......................................................................................394
8.5 LEED and Green Buildings........................................................................... 395
8.6 Porous Pavements...........................................................................................397
8.6.1 Open Cell Paving Grids.................................................................... 398
8.6.2 Porous Asphalt.................................................................................. 398
8.6.3 Pervious Concrete............................................................................. 401
8.6.4 Concrete Pavers.................................................................................403
8.7 Green Roofs....................................................................................................405
8.8 Rain Gardens.................................................................................................. 411
8.9 Other Source Control Measures..................................................................... 414
8.9.1 Common (General) Measures........................................................... 414
8.9.2 Specific Measures.............................................................................. 415
8.9.2.1 Clustered Development...................................................... 415
8.9.2.2 Minimal Impact Development........................................... 416
8.10 Storm Water Fees........................................................................................... 418
Problems.................................................................................................................... 419
Appendix 8.A............................................................................................................420
8.A.1 Drivable Grass® Technical Specification Guide................................420
8.A.2 Drivable Grass Installation Guidelines............................................. 421
References.................................................................................................................424
Chapter 9 Installation, Inspection, and Maintenance of Storm Water
Management Systems........................................................................................... 427
9.1 Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Measures................................................ 427
9.2 Installation of Pipes........................................................................................ 427
9.2.1 Reinforced Concrete Pipes................................................................ 429
9.2.2 Prestressed Concrete Pipes............................................................... 433
9.2.3 HDPE Pipes....................................................................................... 434
9.2.4 Dewatering........................................................................................ 437
9.3 Watertight Joints.............................................................................................440
9.3.1 Pipe Joints......................................................................................... 441
9.3.2 Pipe Connection to Manhole/Inlet....................................................442
9.3.3 Infiltration/Exfiltration Testing.........................................................445
9.4 Construction of Detention Basins/Ponds........................................................445
9.4.1 Detention Basins...............................................................................445
9.4.2 Infiltration Basins..............................................................................446
9.4.3 Wet Ponds..........................................................................................447
9.4.4 Grass Swales.....................................................................................447
9.4.5 Dry Wells and Infiltration Chambers................................................448
9.4.6 Outlet Structures...............................................................................449
9.5 Inspection and Maintenance........................................................................... 450
9.5.1 Objectives of Inspection and Maintenance....................................... 450
9.5.2 Maintenance of Vegetative and Paved Areas.................................... 453
9.5.2.1 Lawns/Landscapes............................................................. 453
9.5.2.2 Pavements.......................................................................... 453
9.5.3 Maintenance of Storm Water Drainage Systems.............................. 454
9.5.3.1 Restoration of Grass and Riprap Lined Swales................. 454
9.5.3.2 Snow and Ice Removal...................................................... 454
9.5.3.3 Removal of Sediment and Floatables from Drainage
Systems.............................................................................. 454
9.5.3.4 Control of Potential Mosquito-Breeding Habitats............. 454
9.5.4 Maintenance of Ponds/Detention Basins.......................................... 455
9.5.4.1 Algae and Weed Control.................................................... 455
9.5.4.2 Underground Detention Basins.......................................... 455
9.5.4.3 Wet Ponds.......................................................................... 455
9.5.4.4 Outlet Structures................................................................ 456
9.5.5 Maintenance of Water Quality Devices............................................ 456
9.5.5.1 Catch Basin Inserts............................................................ 456
9.5.5.2 Manufactured Water Treatment Units............................... 456
9.5.6 Repair of Storm Water Management Facilities................................. 457
9.5.7 Neglects in Maintenance................................................................... 457
9.6 Operation and Maintenance Manual.............................................................. 458
Appendix 9.A Installation of HDPE Pipe.................................................................463
9.A.1 Backfill Envelope Construction.........................................................463
9.A.2 Backfill Placement.............................................................................464
9.A.3 Mechanical Compaction Equipment.................................................464
9.A.4 Joints..................................................................................................465
9.A.5 Construction and Paving Equipment.................................................465
9.A.6 Joining Different Pipe Types or Sizes...............................................465
9.A.7 Curvilinear Installations...................................................................466
9.A.8 Vertical Installations.........................................................................466
9.A.9 Steep Slope Installations...................................................................466
9.A.10 Cambered Installations.....................................................................467
9.A.11 Sliplining...........................................................................................467
Appendix 9.B Construction Inspection Checklist: An Overview..............................467
9.B.1 Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Measures..................................467
9.B.2 Excavation.........................................................................................467
9.B.3 Pipe Installation.................................................................................467
9.B.3.1 Trenching...........................................................................467
9.B.3.2 Pipe Laying........................................................................467
9.B.3.3 Manholes/Inlets.................................................................468
9.B.3.4 Backfilling.........................................................................468
9.B.3.5 Repairs...............................................................................468
9.B.4 Site Restoration.................................................................................468
References.................................................................................................................468
Chapter 10 Storm Water Conservation and Reuse....................................................................... 471
10.1 Trends in Supply and Demand....................................................................... 471
10.2 Water Conservation........................................................................................ 471
10.2.1 Indoor Conservation.......................................................................... 472
10.2.1.1 Residential Buildings......................................................... 472
10.2.1.2 Urinals in Nonresidential Buildings.................................. 474
10.2.1.3 Other Indoor Saving Tips.................................................. 475
10.2.1.4 Economy of Water Saver Fixtures..................................... 475
10.2.2 Outdoor Conservation....................................................................... 476
10.2.2.1 An Overview...................................................................... 476
10.2.2.2 Conservation of Outdoor Water Use: A Summary............480
10.3 Water Reuse.................................................................................................... 481
10.3.1 Reuse of Wastewater......................................................................... 481
10.3.2 Recycled Wastewater Market............................................................483
10.3.3 Reuse of Greywater...........................................................................483
10.3.4 Treatment of Wastewater and Greywater..........................................484
10.4 Reuse of Rain and Storm Water Runoff.........................................................485
10.4.1 Quantity of Urban Runoff.................................................................488
10.5 Reuse of Roof Rain........................................................................................489
10.5.1 Harvesting Roof Rain........................................................................490
10.5.2 Suggested Actions for Widespread Conservation and Reuse............494
10.5.2.1 Public Education................................................................494
10.5.2.2 Task Force.......................................................................... 495
10.5.2.3 Reach Out.......................................................................... 495
10.5.2.4 Reward............................................................................... 495
10.5.2.5 Block Programs................................................................. 495
10.5.2.6 Enforcement....................................................................... 495
10.5.2.7 Pilot Projects...................................................................... 495
10.5.3 Organizations/Alliances for Water Reuse......................................... 495
10.5.4 Benefits/Advantages of Water Conservation and Reuse.................... 495
Appendix 10.A: List of Programs and Nonprofit Organizations for
Water Conservation and Reuse.......................................................................496
10.A.1 Water Conservation...........................................................................496
10.A.2 Water Conservation and Reuse: Nonprofit Organizations................497
References.................................................................................................................49
Appendix A System International (SI)...........................................................................................499
Common Constants...................................................................................................502
Reference...................................................................................................................502
Appendix B Unified Soil Classification System and Nominal Sizes of Coarse
and Fine Aggregates..................................................................................................503
Abbreviations...............................................................................................................................509
Glossary........................................................................................................................................ 513
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