Contents
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................. XXI
Part A Basics and Computer Science
1 Modeling of Geographic Information
Charles Roswell........................................................................................ 3
1.1 Background .................................................................................. 3
1.2 Unified Modeling Language ........................................................... 5
1.3 The General Feature Model ............................................................ 11
1.4 Application Schema Example ......................................................... 15
1.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 17
References .............................................................................................. 17
2 Mathematics and Statistics
Frank Gielsdorf, Tobias Hillmann.............................................................. 19
2.1 Data Integration with Adjustment Techniques ................................ 20
2.2 2-D Datum Transformations ........................................................... 30
2.3 Geostatistics.................................................................................. 43
References .............................................................................................. 60
3 Databases
Thomas Brinkhoff, Wolfgang Kresse.......................................................... 61
3.1 Historical Background.................................................................... 62
3.2 Relational Model ........................................................................... 65
3.3 Object-Oriented Model .................................................................. 75
3.4 Indexing with B-Trees ................................................................... 78
3.5 Spatial Databases .......................................................................... 79
3.6 Spatial Query Processing ................................................................ 83
3.7 Spatial Indexing ............................................................................ 87
3.8 Network Databases........................................................................ 97
3.9 Raster Databases ........................................................................... 100
3.10 Spatiotemporal Databases ............................................................. 102
3.11 Spatial Database Systems............................................................... 105
References .............................................................................................. 106
4 Encoding of Geographic Information
Clemens Portele ....................................................................................... 109
4.1 Encoding Concepts ........................................................................ 110
4.2 Sample Encoding Rules .................................................................. 118
4.3 Commonly Used Formats to Encode Geographic Information............ 121
References .............................................................................................. 121
5 Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
Shuliang Wang, Wenzhong Shi ................................................................ 123
5.1 Basic Concepts in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery................. 123
5.2 Evolution of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery ........................ 125
5.3 Mathematical Foundations of DMKD ............................................... 127
5.4 Techniques of DMKD ...................................................................... 130
5.5 Data Warehouse for DMKD ............................................................. 137
5.6 Decision Support System for DMKD ................................................. 138
5.7 Trends and Perspectives ................................................................ 140
References .............................................................................................. 141
Part B Geographic Information
6 Geographic Information Systems
Norbert Bartelme ..................................................................................... 145
6.1 Architecture of a GIS ...................................................................... 145
6.2 GIS Functionality ........................................................................... 149
References .............................................................................................. 174
7 Change Detection
Jérôme Théau .......................................................................................... 175
7.1 Definition ..................................................................................... 175
7.2 Development of Change Detection over Time .................................. 175
7.3 Methods Overview ......................................................................... 176
7.4 Typical Applications ....................................................................... 182
7.5 Probable Future Directions............................................................. 183
References .............................................................................................. 183
8 Geodesy
Matthias Becker....................................................................................... 185
8.1 Basics ........................................................................................... 185
8.2 Concepts ....................................................................................... 186
8.3 Reference Systems and Reference Frames ....................................... 187
8.4 Coordinate Reference System ......................................................... 188
8.5 Height Systems and Vertical Datum ................................................ 192
8.6 Geopotential Models and Geoid ..................................................... 195
8.7 Time Systems ................................................................................ 196
8.8 Conversions, Transformations, and Projections ............................... 198
8.9 Coordinate Determination ............................................................. 205
References .............................................................................................. 208
9 Data Capture
Michael Cramer, Wolfgang Kresse, Jan Skaloud, Norbert Haala,
Silvia Nittel, Jan O. Wallgrün .................................................................... 211
9.1 Passive Sensors ............................................................................. 212
9.2 Active Sensors ............................................................................... 230
9.3 Navigation Sensors ........................................................................ 245
9.4 Sensor Orientation......................................................................... 252
9.5 Remote Sensing Products ............................................................... 264
9.6 Other Platforms and Methods ........................................................ 275
References .............................................................................................. 297
10 Geometry and Topology
Gerhard Gröger, Betsy George................................................................... 303
10.1 Geometry ...................................................................................... 303
10.2 Topology ....................................................................................... 308
10.3 Graph Theory (Königsberg Bridge Problem) ..................................... 315
References .............................................................................................. 320
11 Portrayal and Cartography
Paul Hardy, Kenneth Field........................................................................ 323
11.1 What is Cartography? ..................................................................... 324
11.2 Types of Maps ............................................................................... 325
11.3 Abstraction and Generalization...................................................... 331
11.4 Map Symbol Design ....................................................................... 334
11.5 Color............................................................................................. 338
11.6 Text .............................................................................................. 343
11.7 Associating Symbology with Feature Data in GIS.............................. 346
11.8 Relief Portrayal ............................................................................. 348
11.9 Layout .......................................................................................... 350
11.10 Hardcopy and Softcopy Output....................................................... 353
11.11 Internet Cartographic Deployment.................................................. 354
References .............................................................................................. 358
12 Geospatial Metadata
David M. Danko ....................................................................................... 359
12.1 Background .................................................................................. 360
12.2 Interoperability ............................................................................. 362
12.3 Applying Geospatial Metadata ....................................................... 364
12.4 Economic Benefits of Geospatial Metadata ..................................... 369
12.5 Geospatial Metadata Element Types ............................................... 371
12.6 Geospatial Metadata Standards...................................................... 374
12.7 Geospatial Metadata Outlook ......................................................... 386
References .............................................................................................. 390
13 Standardization
Wolfgang Kresse, David M. Danko, Kian Fadaie......................................... 393
13.1 Interoperability ............................................................................. 394
13.2 Basics of Standards ....................................................................... 397
13.3 Geomatics Standards ..................................................................... 409
13.4 Nongeometry Standards ................................................................ 430
13.5 Geometry Standards ...................................................................... 489
13.6 Liaison Members of ISO/TC 211 ......................................................... 522
13.7 Open Geospatial Consortium .......................................................... 537
References .............................................................................................. 560
14 Web Mapping and Web Cartography
Andreas Neumann ................................................................................... 567
14.1 Origins of Web Mapping................................................................. 568
14.2 Technical Aspects .......................................................................... 571
14.3 Important Applications .................................................................. 576
14.4 Future Directions of Web Mapping.................................................. 577
14.5 Scalable Vector Graphics ................................................................ 577
References .............................................................................................. 586
15 Geosemantic Interoperability and the Geospatial Semantic Web
Jean Brodeur ........................................................................................... 589
15.1 Historical Development.................................................................. 589
15.2 What Is Semantics About? .............................................................. 590
15.3 Semantics Through Cognition ......................................................... 590
15.4 Ontology ....................................................................................... 591
15.5 Geosemantic Interoperability ......................................................... 592
15.6 Geosemantic Interoperability Through SDIs ..................................... 597
15.7 Geographic Information Standards for Geosemantic Interoperability 597
15.8 The Semantic Web ......................................................................... 601
15.9 The Geospatial Semantic Web ........................................................ 606
15.10 Conclusions ................................................................................... 608
References .............................................................................................. 609
16 Registration of Geospatial Information Elements
C. Douglas O’Brien, Roger Lott .................................................................. 613
16.1 Background .................................................................................. 613
16.2 Requirements ............................................................................... 614
16.3 Concept of a Register..................................................................... 615
16.4 Registration Process ...................................................................... 615
16.5 Register Versus Registry ................................................................. 617
16.6 Register Structure .......................................................................... 618
16.7 Federated Registers ....................................................................... 618
16.8 Implementation of Registers .......................................................... 621
16.9 Example Registers ......................................................................... 621
16.10 The EPSG Geodetic Parameter Registry ............................................ 623
References .............................................................................................. 629
17 Security for Open Distributed Geospatial Information Systems
Andreas Matheus ..................................................................................... 631
17.1 Security Requirements ................................................................... 632
17.2 Standards for Interoperable Implementation of Security Functions .. 633
17.3 Summary ...................................................................................... 638
References .............................................................................................. 639
Part C Applications
18 Ubiquitous Geographic Information
Tschangho J. Kim, Sung-Gheel Jang ......................................................... 643
18.1 Evolution of GIS: From Mapping to Managing Spatial Knowledge ..... 644
18.2 Evolution of Computing Technologies ............................................. 645
18.3 Evolution of Information and Communication Technologies ............ 648
18.4 State of the Art of Ubiquitous GIS ................................................... 651
18.5 Future Prospects............................................................................ 653
18.6 Conclusions ................................................................................... 655
References .............................................................................................. 655
19 Legal, Law, Cadastre
Markus Seifert.......................................................................................... 657
19.1 International Standardization........................................................ 658
19.2 The Roots of Cadastre in Germany .................................................. 663
19.3 Land Register in Germany .............................................................. 666
19.4 The German Cadastral System ........................................................ 667
19.5 The Next Step: The Integrated Cadastre Information System in
Germany....................................................................................... 670
References .............................................................................................. 681
20 Planning
Frank Wilke ............................................................................................. 683
20.1 Planning Levels ............................................................................. 686
20.2 Spatial Planning at Federal and Regional Levels ............................. 691
20.3 Legally Binding Urban Land-Use Plan............................................. 697
20.4 Sector Planning ............................................................................. 705
20.5 Plan Implementation .................................................................... 706
20.6 Territorial Units ............................................................................. 707
References .............................................................................................. 709
21 Location-Based Services
Alexander Zipf, Matthias M. Jöst............................................................... 711
21.1 The Location-Based Service Ecosystem ........................................... 712
21.2 Classification of Location-Based Services ........................................ 714
21.3 Example Applications and Services ................................................. 715
21.4 Standards for Spatial Services ........................................................ 716
21.5 Summary ...................................................................................... 723
References .............................................................................................. 723
22 Computational Movement Analysis
Joachim Gudmundsson, Patrick Laube, Thomas Wolle ............................... 725
22.1 Movement Traces – A New Kind of Geographic Information ............. 726
22.2 Scientific Fundamentals of Computational Movement Analysis ........ 726
22.3 Application Fields of Movement Analysis ........................................ 733
XVIII Contents
22.4 Privacy.......................................................................................... 736
22.5 Conclusions and Outlook................................................................ 737
References .............................................................................................. 738
23 Marine Geographic Information Systems
Lutz Vetter, Mathias Jonas, Winfried Schröder, Roland Pesch ..................... 743
23.1 Exploitation of the Sea .................................................................. 744
23.2 Data ............................................................................................. 746
23.3 Methodology of GIS-Based Analyses in a Marine Context................. 755
23.4 Applications .................................................................................. 757
23.5 Outlook on Marine Information Systems ......................................... 758
23.6 Electronic Navigational Charts for Ship Operation at Sea .................. 759
23.7 Chart Functions ............................................................................. 761
23.8 Electronic Chart Data ..................................................................... 773
23.9 The Way Ahead.............................................................................. 776
23.10 GIS-Based Ecoregionalization of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea ... 780
References .............................................................................................. 791
24 GIS in Agriculture
Ralf Bill, Edward Nash, Görres Grenzdörffer .............................................. 795
24.1 Motivation .................................................................................... 795
24.2 Spatial Data in Agriculture ............................................................. 797
24.3 Integrated Administration and Control System................................ 801
24.4 Precision Agriculture...................................................................... 803
24.5 Farm of Tomorrow ......................................................................... 815
24.6 Outlook......................................................................................... 817
References .............................................................................................. 817
25 GIS in Defense
Gerhard Joos ........................................................................................... 821
25.1 Background and History ................................................................ 822
25.2 Scenarios ...................................................................................... 823
25.3 Situational Awareness ................................................................... 825
25.4 Network-Centric Warfare ............................................................... 827
25.5 Core Services ................................................................................. 827
25.6 Functional Area Services ................................................................ 828
25.7 Military Standards ......................................................................... 833
25.8 New Generation of Military Standards ............................................ 835
25.9 Military Datasets ........................................................................... 836
25.10 Conclusion .................................................................................... 840
References .............................................................................................. 840
26 GIS for Transportation
Tschangho J. Kim, Keechoo Choi ............................................................... 843
26.1 GIS-T in the Public Sector............................................................... 845
26.2 GIS-T in the Private Sector ............................................................. 851
26.3 Issues in Implementing GIS-T ........................................................ 852
Contents XIX
26.4 Information/Communication Technologies and GIS-T ...................... 853
26.5 Summary and Conclusion............................................................... 854
References .............................................................................................. 855
27 Geology
Kristine Asch, Stephen J. Mathers, Holger Kessler....................................... 857
27.1 Field Work .................................................................................... 860
27.2 Geographic Information in Geology ................................................ 861
27.3 Maps and Models .......................................................................... 865
27.4 Spatial Data Infrastructures............................................................ 878
27.5 Future Challenges.......................................................................... 883
References .............................................................................................. 884
28 GIS in Energy and Utilities
William (Bill) Meehan, Robert G. Brook, Jessica Wyland ............................. 887
28.1 Overall Picture............................................................................... 887
28.2 System Design ............................................................................... 894
28.3 Applications .................................................................................. 900
28.4 Summary ...................................................................................... 909
Further Reading...................................................................................... 909
29 GIS in Health and Human Services
William F. Davenhall, Christopher Kinabrew ............................................. 911
29.1 What Is Health? ............................................................................. 912
29.2 A Brief History of Geography and GIS in HHS ................................... 913
29.3 Geography Is Destiny in Health ...................................................... 918
29.4 GIS Relevance to Public Health ....................................................... 920
29.5 GIS and HHS Education .................................................................. 930
29.6 Summary ...................................................................................... 932
References .............................................................................................. 933
30 Open-Source GIS
Ranga R. Vatsavai, Thomas E. Burk, Steve Lime, Marco Hugentobler,
Andreas Neumann, Christian Strobl .......................................................... 939
30.1 MapServer..................................................................................... 939
30.2 Open-Source Geospatial Libraries................................................... 947
30.3 Quantum GIS ................................................................................. 953
30.4 PostGIS – an Open-Source Spatial Database.................................... 958
30.5 Open-Source Licenses .................................................................... 963
References .............................................................................................. 964
31 Open-Source Tools for Environmental Modeling
Ari Jolma, Daniel P. Ames, Ned Horning, Helena Mitasova, Markus Neteler,
Aaron Racicot, Tim Sutton ........................................................................ 967
31.1 Historical Background and Current Developments ........................... 967
31.2 Fundamentals of Environmental Modeling and Management .......... 970
31.3 Geospatial Free and Open-Source Software Toolchain ..................... 973
31.4 Solutions and Examples................................................................. 981
References .............................................................................................. 982
Terms and Definitions of the ISO 19100 Standards ................................. 985
About the Authors ..................................................................................... 1041
Detailed Contents...................................................................................... 1053
Subject Index............................................................................................. 1075
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