tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57289360649694038632024-03-06T07:01:38.142+06:00Geoscience, Remote Sensing and GISOpen PDF and Software Resources of Earth-sciences, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System.Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.comBlogger210125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-20636936460576479092023-01-03T12:26:00.000+06:002023-01-03T12:26:04.519+06:00Beautiful Columnar Basalt, Symphony of the Stone, Yerevan, Armenia Beautiful Columnar Basalt,
Symphony of the Stone, Yerevan, Armenia
Situated about 23 km east of Yerevan, Armenia, just below the village of the same name, lies the breathtaking Garni Gorge, with cliff walls of well-preserved basalt columns carved out by the Goght River on its sides. This part of the gorge is known as the “Symphony of the Stones,”. The columns suspended against gravity resemble an organ, which explains why the natural monument is also called the “Basalt Organ”. The soundtrack is provided by the river that flows through the gorge and fills the splendor of the stone with the symphony of water. The organ is made up of enormous symmetrical hexagonal and pentagonal basalt columns (almost 50 meters high), which appear to be handcrafted due to their extraordinary symmetry.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisf9PheXFFSG5Cyo9O0yRubAyb-pgOwHwEVDxnIMRcKT83HWKVB2Tv-YML2ZSLS1-8TCMvmw8pgzB-Lk5Trp9n9b7PYIPlDlR2i44NBabyS-NcVjJqAaVzW35PQ3mZWYA-uxjsafaEF5SlwaTN-4BwWpFwMwLTueE9tnNUR3_uLD61wx_k0TVf5x7-eA/s960/columnar.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="400" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="768" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisf9PheXFFSG5Cyo9O0yRubAyb-pgOwHwEVDxnIMRcKT83HWKVB2Tv-YML2ZSLS1-8TCMvmw8pgzB-Lk5Trp9n9b7PYIPlDlR2i44NBabyS-NcVjJqAaVzW35PQ3mZWYA-uxjsafaEF5SlwaTN-4BwWpFwMwLTueE9tnNUR3_uLD61wx_k0TVf5x7-eA/s400/columnar.jpg"/></a></div>
These amazing rock formations were formed under high pressure conditions due to the cooling and crystallization of volcanic lava.The complex topography of Armenia was shaped by a geological upheaval that pushed up the Earth’s crust to form the Armenian Plateau 25 million years ago. How exactly the columnar jointing was formed is still uncertain, but it is usually explained by analogy with mud-cracks resulting from shrinkage at the surface of dried-up mud. The polygonal cracks in basalt are presumed to be due to contraction during cooling, which acts towards the creation of a series of equally spaced cooling centers. A tension crack is thought to form between two centers and since each center is surrounded by many others, a multi-sided polygonal crack system is formed, splitting the rock into roughly uniform polygonal blocks. As cooling proceeds towards the interior, cracks propagate inward at right angles to the cooling surface, resulting in the distinctive columnar structure.
#Geology #geology #geologyrocks #earthscience #geologist #geoscience #geosciencenetwork
Image credit: @globetolter[IG
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Mass movement also known as mass wasting is referred to the slow or rapid movement of weathered materials (rocks, sand, soil or mud) down the slope and mountain under the direct force of gravity. Mass movement can take place slowly, gradually or rapidly, hence affecting shallow to deep columns of materials depending on the gradient of the slope.
However, these movements transfer the mass of rock debris down the slopes under the direct influence of gravity. This means that air, water or ice dont usually transport debris along with them from place to place but on the other hand the debris may carry with it air, water or ice.
Gravity places its force on all materials, both bedrock and the products of weathering. However, weathering is not a necessity for mass movement though it aids mass movements. Mass movements are very effective on weathered slopes compared to unweathered materials.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDCshduxqACiec6UDkjmKgYlYLfx-sX-NWCnHywWRO5KenNnwZkswGMblyzTqC9yzdKLrcyvF9cN2F0Cuc5ZCSW0XagEu8CtcbN2q-2hQ7pq99EDmASG4fXY8QFT87oSlNbaNExhrJKv9tCEraGlITxawpgOs0CRKZE2qcNt9v73FknE1wXOEda5GBSw/s541/massmovement.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="541" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDCshduxqACiec6UDkjmKgYlYLfx-sX-NWCnHywWRO5KenNnwZkswGMblyzTqC9yzdKLrcyvF9cN2F0Cuc5ZCSW0XagEu8CtcbN2q-2hQ7pq99EDmASG4fXY8QFT87oSlNbaNExhrJKv9tCEraGlITxawpgOs0CRKZE2qcNt9v73FknE1wXOEda5GBSw/s320/massmovement.jpg"/></a></div>
Mass movements are influenced by gravity and no geomorphic processes like running water, glaciers, wind, waves and currents contribute in the process of mass movements.
That means mass movements do not come under erosion though there is a shift (aided by gravity) of materials from one place to another. Materials on a sloppy hill have their own resistance to disturbing forces and will respond only when the force is greater than the shearing resistance of the materials.
Weak unconsolidated materials, faults, thinly bedded rocks, steeply dipping beds, abundant precipitation, vertical cliffs or steep slopes, and torrential rains and scarcity of vegetation for instance favour mass movements. Mass movement or mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slope.
Credit: Razi Brown (Jotscrol.com)
#geosciencenetwork #geology #earthscience #geologist #landslide
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ENGINEERING'</b></span></p>
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</script></span></span><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: medium;"><br></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">and available books, whatever few are there, have not been
found satisfactory. Students are </span><span style="font-size: large;">compelled to refer to three or four books to meet their
requirements. The author has been </span><span style="font-size: large;">prompted by the lack of a good comprehensive textbook to
write this present work. He has </span><span style="font-size: large;">made a sincere effort, to sum up, his experience of thirty-three
years of teaching in the present </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">book. The notable features of the book are as follows:</span><span></span></span></p></div><a href="https://georsgisn.blogspot.com/2021/12/geotechnical-engineering-pdf.html#more"></a>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-89302186049753596572021-12-11T00:26:00.005+06:002021-12-11T00:26:37.243+06:00Kmean clustering in Qgis (Attribute based clustering)<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/qQW-K-aia7M" frameborder="0"></iframe>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-15708761372391771242021-11-10T13:15:00.023+06:002021-11-26T14:47:31.717+06:00e-PG Pathshala: platform for geo learners<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-8e745581-7fff-a835-d586-99a6ec11b775"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> e-PG Pathshala is a formal initiation from the Ministry of Education, Government of India to disseminate knowledge through the use of ICTs which is under the National Mission on Education through ICT (NME-ICT) executed by the University Grants Commission of India. With quality courses being the only requirement for the development of the education system, e-PG Pathshala hosts a number of courses, studying materials in the video formats to be watched by learners. All the learning materials come from university professors and working experts around the country.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 117px; overflow: hidden; width: 320px;"><img height="117" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/qdIfDFRaqBw0B09ezhk3GhdTfTOmQtiai3s-33WeMGB4won9sGZKI_sxilvXnJg89slPFVOgXX245HtjA6JkjcNwPOdws-w4YHNcnMGJx54EsX9T5NWUYoFg654Wdrmk4LM70jET" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="320" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The other advantage is that the resources are online, freely available to anyone. This is</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">beneficial to students from other countries where similar learning initiatives are rarely available.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Even if such platforms are developed, there are a plethora of courses in rarer formats. For us,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">learners of remote sensing, GIS and its applications, e-PG Pathshala is a boon in disguise.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PG stands for Post Graduate but it will assist any graduate, undergraduate, or any student or</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">learners alike. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anyone can check the site:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/5728936064969403863/1570876137239177124#"> </a><a href="https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/Home">https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/Home</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> We have selected the following topics which are likely to interest remote sensing learners.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since this blog is followed by geoscience enthusiasts, there are other courses that can be</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">helpful for them as well. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The course contains the </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(i) text material in pdf, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) presentation slides and </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) video materials</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Some courses might be with all three materials while some with one or two materials.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The following lists are the selected subjects with the parts within them and </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the numbers within the brackets refer to the number of chapters.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> If you are only searching for remote sensing and GIS related materials there are mainly two</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">courses within the two main subjects highlighted among the lists. Go to the main page and search for the courses.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Subject: Risk / Disaster Management</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-01. Disaster risk mitigation: potential for microfinance (3)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-02. Capacity development for risk/disaster management (10)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-03. Economics of disaster (8)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Subject: Geology</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-02. Igneous and metamorphic petrology (GEL-02) (20)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-03. Sedimentology &amp; petroleum geology (GEL-03) (29)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-04. Crystallography and mineralogy (GEL-04) (18)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-05. Economic geology &amp; mineral resources of India (GEL-05)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-10. Hydrogeology &amp; engineering geology (GEL-10)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-11. Remote sensing and GIS (GEL-11) (33)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Subject: Earth Sciences</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-01. Earth mineral resources (2)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-02. Geo-engineering &amp; environmental systems (1)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-03. Geohazards &amp; disaster management (8)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-04. Meteorology &amp; climatology (2)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-05. Oceanography (15)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-06. The dynamic earth (6)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-07. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (12)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-09. HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES (3)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Subject: Geography</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-01. Quantitative Technique (29)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-03. Resource Geography (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-06. Geographical thought (36)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-08. Environmental Geography (33)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-09. URBAN GEOGRAPHY (32)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-10. Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS (35)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-11. Geomorphology (35)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-14. Climatology (38)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-15. Geography of Natural Hazards and Disaster Management (35)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-16. Geography of Water Resources (24)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Subject: Environmental Sciences</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-01. Ecosystem structures &amp; functions (18)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-02. Analytical chemistry (26)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-03. Biodiversity and conservation (35)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-04. Environmental geology (24)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-05. Water resources and management (39)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-06. Remote sensing & GIS applications in environmental science (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-07. Energy and environment (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-08. Atmospheric processes (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-09. Environmental pollution -air & noise (8)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-10. Environmental pollution - water & soil (39)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-11. Solid and hazardous waste management (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-12. Environmental management (34)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-13. Environmental law and policies (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-14. Statistical Applications in Environmental Sciences (34)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-15. Environmental Microbiology & Biotechnology (37)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-16. Environmental chemistry (36)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">F.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Subject: Computer Science</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-01.Data structures (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-02.Computer architecture (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-03.Operating system (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-04.Database management system (39)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-05.Design and analysis of algorithms (38)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-06.Computer graphics and visualization (25)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-07.Computer networks (38)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-08.Software engineering (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-09.Software quality management (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-10.Compiler design (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-11.Cryptography and network (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-12.Web technology (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-13.Embedded system (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-14.Cloud computing (40)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-15.Machine learning (39)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-16.Data analytics (38)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P-17. Visualization techniques (16)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hope this is new information for you and will help you in your learning journey. </span></p><br /><br /></span></div>KSab T. Magar ( ~ktm )http://www.blogger.com/profile/02795598577256697293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-81605258461257292862021-11-04T13:17:00.014+06:002021-12-14T13:28:37.461+06:00ESA SNAP WORKBOOK<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ESA SNAP WORKBOOK<br />by Astri Polska</span></h2><p>----------</p><p>from <b>EO4EP – Earth Observation for Eastern Partnership</b></p><p>earth observation for sustainable development</p><p>Download Link: <a href="http://www.eo4sd-eastern.eu/sites/default/files/publications/snap_workbook_english.pdf">MergedFile (eo4sd-eastern.eu)</a></p><p>----------</p><p>This book is helpful for the beginner learners for SNAP sentinel toolbox.</p><p><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9583034389000712"
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</script>Contains 5 chapters: first chapter deals with the installation guides; second, third and third chapter deals with basic raster tools within the software, optical and radar data processing respectively; and the final chapter with the automation of the process.</p><p>The book has only 46 pages making it very handy, crispy and easy to follow making it less bulkier. Although the major explanations of each step is lacking and real cases are not so fully provided, this is the reason this book presents the necessary steps for the early learners as a handy book.<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9583034389000712"
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</script> Definitely download for the early learners, or for others to revise and view it once.</p><p>----------</p><p><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9583034389000712"
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</script>Download Link: <a href="http://www.eo4sd-eastern.eu/sites/default/files/publications/snap_workbook_english.pdf">MergedFile (eo4sd-eastern.eu)</a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8P1ywBa-nKG3gC9D0hfJlZoO6VWyqF_ERQFyO3LbbvJfce4X8km1G3nc1tRS552rpWDEnvqnQYkuLlPZoskC7eS4Bi7UfnybvC7wqZ0IEbiTgilTryvzjPyTFqK-AY_bFbe1HZCrnX4R8/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1754" data-original-width="1241" height="579" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8P1ywBa-nKG3gC9D0hfJlZoO6VWyqF_ERQFyO3LbbvJfce4X8km1G3nc1tRS552rpWDEnvqnQYkuLlPZoskC7eS4Bi7UfnybvC7wqZ0IEbiTgilTryvzjPyTFqK-AY_bFbe1HZCrnX4R8/w411-h579/snap_workbook_english_page-0001.jpg" width="411" /></span></a></div><br /><p></p><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9583034389000712"
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</script>KSab T. Magar ( ~ktm )http://www.blogger.com/profile/02795598577256697293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-40505914829639682962021-09-11T12:55:00.000+06:002021-09-11T12:55:41.309+06:00Python-Scripting-for-ArcGIS.pdf<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Preface of the Book</span></b></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The impetus for writing this book came from the lessons I’ve learned from
using and teaching geographic information systems (GIS) for over 10 years
at several different universities. One of these lessons is that “a little bit of
code can go a long way.”
Those of us who learned our first computer skills back in the days of
MS-DOS became familiar with using a command prompt to carry out basic
tasks. Early versions of ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced (ArcInfo) software
also relied heavily on a command line interface, in addition to the use of
the ARC Macro Language (AML).<script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9583034389000712"></script>
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</script>Geographic information systems (GIS) provide a range of opportunities for exploring the complexity of the natural environment, offering tools and software packages that undergo continual innovation and development in response to new analytical demands for solutions to spatial problems. Geographic information science (GIScience) provides the academic framework for these technologies, addressing the theoretical and scientific issues associated with the use of GIS<script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script>. </div><span></span></div><a href="https://georsgisn.blogspot.com/2020/12/representing-modeling-and-visualizing.html#more"></a>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-89169415984639523992020-12-14T13:03:00.000+06:002020-12-14T13:03:34.018+06:00Hydrological Cycle<p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> <span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script>Hydrological cycle is also known as the “water cycle”; it is the normal water recycling system on Earth . Due to solar radiation, water evaporates, generally from the sea, lakes, etc. Water also evaporates from plant leaves through the mechanism of transpiration. As the steam rises in the atmosphere, it is being cooled, condensed, and returned to the land and the sea as precipitation. Precipitation falls on the earth as surface water and shapes the surface, creating thus streams of water that result in lakes and rivers.<script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVIzRep5QElIQY1q7LA6gl5JrtTXV9WBNQodwKOi1OREvKEZMWNOKGi2dC0uBfbL-3Antz2w9nts5R9rgZJdMsqri_5tHwVu8qSypZw8j-vycXwZGGBgzAkWX-0jvhGj3fklkY3o072qt1/" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="535" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVIzRep5QElIQY1q7LA6gl5JrtTXV9WBNQodwKOi1OREvKEZMWNOKGi2dC0uBfbL-3Antz2w9nts5R9rgZJdMsqri_5tHwVu8qSypZw8j-vycXwZGGBgzAkWX-0jvhGj3fklkY3o072qt1/" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig-1 Hydrological Cycle</td></tr></tbody></table><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script>A part of the water precipitating penetrates the ground and moves downward through the incisions, forming aquifers. Finally, a part of the surface and underground water leads to sea. During this trip, water is converted in all phases: gas, liquid, and solid. As mentioned above, water always changes states between liquid, vapor, and ice, with these processes happening in the blink of an eye and over millions of years. <script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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animation-name: none; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; transition-property: none;" tabindex="0">#hydrogeology</a></span><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeeObiDjotqo-7tHHuRB19L1tXyteCysSYxhJpkxJ1Np2uZ3lmqTkGHsQ5Ev6WR3Y5QYIV1w4kUhH2mhrztNB1_8VOElfE1D-poevBQq4GtAYplXjFRQc_Sg2bje2khIQ5vBaT0ghpV_SI/s760/hydrologic.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="760" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeeObiDjotqo-7tHHuRB19L1tXyteCysSYxhJpkxJ1Np2uZ3lmqTkGHsQ5Ev6WR3Y5QYIV1w4kUhH2mhrztNB1_8VOElfE1D-poevBQq4GtAYplXjFRQc_Sg2bje2khIQ5vBaT0ghpV_SI/s320/hydrologic.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig-2 Hydrological Cycle</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="animation-name: none; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; 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</script><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p></blockquote><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheIygA_tygyVEJYjLoUGVhkZzPZh4P_jSLH_aJK1u8m5aXtQ_Fsp50k-iK0eo6jTf7Rdp29MkA2KsL9SlxoYNg0Sbgm7jYb91DIGGTO3deOK1ous6xcQEWBo4213PHqYaO1oIXeLTeSUhd/s545/handbook.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="523" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheIygA_tygyVEJYjLoUGVhkZzPZh4P_jSLH_aJK1u8m5aXtQ_Fsp50k-iK0eo6jTf7Rdp29MkA2KsL9SlxoYNg0Sbgm7jYb91DIGGTO3deOK1ous6xcQEWBo4213PHqYaO1oIXeLTeSUhd/s320/handbook.JPG"></a></div><br><p></p><p><b> <span style="font-size: large;">Preface</span></b></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Handbook is written for academics, researchers, practitioners and advanced graduate students. It has been designed to be read by those new or starting out in the field of spatial analysis as well as by those who are already familiar with the field. </span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The chapters have been written in such a way that readers who are new to the field will gain important overview and insight. At the same time, those readers who are already practitioners in the field will gain through the advanced and/or updated tools and new materials and state-of-the-art developments included.<script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeJY0Fqs8Saav_cXdD_Tihaekorou4xb1ErsClRKotkZ71Wi-bWuM6naSQPxaebeUcKUurEYl-dPRWCG_ITHE3BEBZfomP4eqnad5iDCLDJQCtBjgFY3R3IliSMghFoxVZFBwNxS0DMm8P/s577/rs+and+image+fusion.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="390" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeJY0Fqs8Saav_cXdD_Tihaekorou4xb1ErsClRKotkZ71Wi-bWuM6naSQPxaebeUcKUurEYl-dPRWCG_ITHE3BEBZfomP4eqnad5iDCLDJQCtBjgFY3R3IliSMghFoxVZFBwNxS0DMm8P/w270-h400/rs+and+image+fusion.png" width="270"></a></div><br><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nowadays, approximately four TB of image data are collected daily by instruments mounted on satellite platforms, not to mention the data produced by a myriad of specific campaigns carried out through airborne instruments. Very high-resolution (VHR) multispectral scanners, IKONOS, QuickBird, GeoEye,WorldView, Pl ́eiades, just to mention the most popular, and especially the related monospectral panchromatic instruments are responsible for a large part of the amount.<script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO5pfs5a5asKJHsyhvH0KRw7vq5LiVXO31rdGgCoThaTUiKcXqC0QmYODlJ3hTgppkqYMN96CJCdzYH4dym23tjLOF1i_QjmraZXUJylYqtiSb_D20RIpAIUgVEdbKeqCOkmiOxFNV1VGz/s498/Geospatial+Tools+for+Urban+Water+Resources.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="438" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO5pfs5a5asKJHsyhvH0KRw7vq5LiVXO31rdGgCoThaTUiKcXqC0QmYODlJ3hTgppkqYMN96CJCdzYH4dym23tjLOF1i_QjmraZXUJylYqtiSb_D20RIpAIUgVEdbKeqCOkmiOxFNV1VGz/s320/Geospatial+Tools+for+Urban+Water+Resources.JPG"></a></div><b><u><span style="background-color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Preface of the Book</span></u></b><br><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Advances in the field of geospatial technologies have resulted in the growth in the application of such methods and techniques to a wider range of challenges and issues associated with urban water resources. The use of remote sensing, geographic information science (GIS), spatial analysis, global positioning systems (GPS),</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">digital mapping, online electronic data resources, and processing techniques are now common tools in addressing urban water quality, storm water, flooding, water supply issues, and overall management of water resources and watersheds in urban communities and urbanizing landscapes. In this volume, the authors address many of the complex concerns and impacts associated with human and natural changes</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script>facing urban water resources through their use of a variety of geospatial techniques and tools. The aim of the volume is to present the reader a mix of examples of the evolving use of geospatial methods and applications now utilized in many urban areas to assist decision-makers, planners, and communities in making sound judgments as to how best manage their water resources for both human use and to minimize impacts to the natural environment. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a href="https://georsgisn.blogspot.com/2020/09/geospatial-tools-for-urban-water.html#more"></a>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-4013960233809263212020-09-06T13:50:00.000+06:002020-09-06T13:50:38.631+06:00Mastering ArcGIS Pro<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: helvetica;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGNnuinJjIXJN8LdZ6h_tWOi25rf2UyYFpaCGdYACubTN4kyAu4_gkeYFiIxroDBYgUqBmc9RENBD3JzBY38_5FB3JZCcTFH4Rl1kbnEZJXJYjJbFuDQo6J63ULyTI5LtYbwRD2sIboQiA/s602/mastering+arcgis+pro.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="526" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGNnuinJjIXJN8LdZ6h_tWOi25rf2UyYFpaCGdYACubTN4kyAu4_gkeYFiIxroDBYgUqBmc9RENBD3JzBY38_5FB3JZCcTFH4Rl1kbnEZJXJYjJbFuDQo6J63ULyTI5LtYbwRD2sIboQiA/s320/mastering+arcgis+pro.JPG"></a></span></div><span style="color: red; font-family: helvetica;"><br><pre class="_ngcontent-asv-32" style="background-color: #f1f3f4; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4043; direction: ltr; flex: 1 1 0%; letter-spacing: 0.2px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 16px;"><br></pre></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;"><b><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script>A new text for a new GIS experience</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Although the concepts of GIS have remained fairly constant over time, the software is continually</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">evolving. With the release of ArcGIS Pro, the latest software in the Esri GIS family, a new generation of GIS has arrived. ArcGIS Pro has a 64-bit, multithreaded architecture, uses ribbon-style menus, integrates 2D and 3D applications, and is closely tied to ArcGIS Online.<script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><span></span><a href="https://georsgisn.blogspot.com/2020/09/mastering-arcgis-pro.html#more"></a>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-49207762795383977722020-05-10T01:28:00.000+06:002020-05-11T15:49:43.587+06:00Earth Materials- Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology<script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><br>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Contents Description</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Basic aspects of mineralogy must precede the coverage of petrology. This sequence is obvious from chapter headings. After a brief, general introduction in <span style="color: blue;">Chapter 1</span>, minerals and rocks are broadly defined in <span style="color: blue;">Chapter 2</span>. That is followed by three chapters that relate to various mineralogical aspects and concepts. </span></div>
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</div><a href="https://georsgisn.blogspot.com/2020/05/Earth-materials-introduction-to-mineralogy-and-petrology.html#more"></a>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-67346210668175558732020-05-06T00:49:00.001+06:002020-05-06T00:49:12.054+06:00How to Install ArcGIS 10.8 || [Including Download Link]<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-30I0vUbfZc" width="480"></iframe>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-18425704829923946232020-04-10T21:34:00.001+06:002020-04-10T21:34:06.514+06:00Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)<br />
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<span style="color: #ffc000; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 106%;">Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) </span></b><b><span style="color: #5b9bd5; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 106%;">is used to quantify </span></b><b><span style="color: #5b9bd5; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 106%;">vegetation greenness and is useful in understanding vegetation density </span></b><b><span style="color: #5b9bd5; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 106%;">and assessing changes in plant health. NDVI is calculated as a ratio </span></b><b><span style="color: #5b9bd5; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 106%;">between the red (R) and near infrared (NIR) values in traditional fashion:</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 106%;"><span style="font-size: large;">NDVI is calculated in accordance with the following </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 106%;"><span style="font-size: large;">generalized formula:</span></span></b><span style="color: #2f5496; font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 106%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 106%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="line-height: 106%;"><span style="color: #2f5496; font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;">NDVI=(NIR-RED)/(NIR+RED)</span> </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:48.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></m:r><m:r><span style='color:red'>NDVI</span></m:r><m:r><span
style='color:red'>=</span></m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:48.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:48.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:48.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:red;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:48.0pt;
line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
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"Times New Roman";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>NIR</m:r><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>RED</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:48.0pt;
line-height:106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>NIR</m:r><m:r>+</m:r><m:r>RED</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
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o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2f5496; font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif; line-height: 106%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 106%;"><span style="color: #2f5496; font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 106%;"><span style="color: #2f5496; font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:36.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
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color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>NDVI</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:36.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:36.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:36.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:red;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:36.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>NIR</m:r><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>RED</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:36.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>NIR</m:r><m:r>+</m:r><m:r>RED</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:313.5pt;
height:84.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Faruk/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<b><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 106%;">Where </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 106%;">NIR</span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 106%;"> - reflection in the near-infrared spectrum and </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 106%;">RED</span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 106%;"> - reflection in the red range of the spectrum.</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<b><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"><br />
</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<b><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"><br />
</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<b><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"><br />
</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"> </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 106%;">NDVI Formula for </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk37231532"><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 106%;"><br />
</span></i></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk37231532"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 106%;">Landsat 4- </span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 106%;">7</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 34.6667px;"><i><br />
</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 34.6667px;"><i>NDVI=(Band 4-Band 3)/(Band 4+Band 3)</i></span></span><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 106%;">, </span></i></div>
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:26.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;
mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>NDVI</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:26.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:26.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:26.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:26.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>Band</m:r><m:r> 4</m:r><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>Band</m:r><m:r> 3</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:26.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>Band</m:r><m:r> 4+</m:r><m:r>Band</m:r><m:r> 3</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><!--[endif]--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<span style="color: red;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 106%;">Landsat 8</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 106%;">,</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<span style="color: red;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 106%;"><br />
</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 37.3333px;"><i><br />
</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:28.0pt;line-height:
106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>NDVI</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:28.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:28.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal;mso-no-proof:yes'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:28.0pt;line-height:
106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>Band</m:r><m:r> 5-</m:r><m:r>Band</m:r><m:r> 4</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:28.0pt;line-height:
106%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-no-proof:yes'><m:r>Band</m:r><m:r> 5+</m:r><m:r>Band</m:r><m:r> 4</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><i><span style="line-height: 107%; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
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o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 106%;"><o:p></o:p></span>NDVI=(Band 5-Band 4)/(Band 5+Band 4)</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">NDVI values range from </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">-1.0 to 1.0 </span><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">representing greens, where negative values are mainly formed from clouds, water and </span><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">snow, and values close to zero are primarily formed from rocks and bare soil. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Very small values (0.1 or less) of the NDVI </span><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">function correspond to empty areas of rocks, sand or snow.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Moderate values (</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">from 0.2 to 0.3) </span><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">represent shrubs and meadows, while large values (from </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">0.6 to 0.8) </span><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">indicate temperate and </span><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">tropical forests.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">NDVI is a measure of the state of plant health based on how the plant reflects light at certain frequencies </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:296.8pt;margin-top:1104.75pt;width:348pt;
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o:href="file:///C:/Users/Faruk/Desktop/NDVI/NDVI%20is%20calculated%20in%20accordance%20with%20the%20formula_files/image004.png"/> <w:wrap type="square" anchory="line"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #433e4e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">(some waves are absorbed and others are reflected).</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br />Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-39714765832767401472020-04-08T18:46:00.002+06:002020-04-08T18:46:24.316+06:00Spatial Analysis in Epidemiology<!--StartFragment--><br>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcFV_7b89hFcPYTpOj1eeRmziXnYOFrB4Tm7Rzjo2qcbjbCeRApKyJ0CW3DdhGpWlAH1zvRHWMBNw8TwCr0TcZu5gmZOlah804tCv1LAqjTFupKl67sj2nNGWEnTMJ7hzcUyiri3XV9VeX/s1600/epidemology.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-blogger-escaped-data-original-height="516" data-blogger-escaped-data-original-width="384" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcFV_7b89hFcPYTpOj1eeRmziXnYOFrB4Tm7Rzjo2qcbjbCeRApKyJ0CW3DdhGpWlAH1zvRHWMBNw8TwCr0TcZu5gmZOlah804tCv1LAqjTFupKl67sj2nNGWEnTMJ7hzcUyiri3XV9VeX/s320/epidemology.PNG" style="cursor: move;" width="238"></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Preface of the Book</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This book aims to provide a practical introduction to spatial analysis, by focusing on application rather than theory, and by drawing on a wide range of examples from both human and animal health, including vector-borne and infectious diseases and non-infectious conditions. This book provide worked examples of the principal methodologies, using mainly the same disease data set throughout, which allows for direct comparison of the various techniques and helps to demonstrate their comparative strengths and weaknesses.</span></div>
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</div></div><a href="https://georsgisn.blogspot.com/2020/04/spatial-analysis-in-epidemiology.html#more"></a>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-27284162279708429212020-04-04T01:49:00.004+06:002020-04-08T17:23:13.415+06:00Unconformity, Disconformities and Nonconformities in Structural Geology<!--StartFragment--><br>
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<span data-blogger-escaped-style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;" style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">What is Unconformity, Disconformities and Nonconformities in Structural Geology?</span></h2>
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<span data-blogger-escaped-style="color: blue; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" style="color: blue; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Unconformity</b></span></h3>
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<span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">An unconformity is a contact between two rock units in which the upper unit is usually much younger than the lower unit . Unconformities are typically buried erosional surfaces that can represent a break in the geologic record of hundreds of millions of years or more . </span></div>
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<span data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;" style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For example, the contact between a 400-million-year-old sandstone that was deposited by a rising sea on a weathered bedrock surface that is 600 million years old is an unconformity that represents a time hiatus of 200 million years. </span></div>
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</div><a href="https://georsgisn.blogspot.com/2020/04/unconformity-disconformities-and-nonconformities-in-geology.html#more"></a>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-31219490878734345572020-04-01T11:48:00.000+06:002020-04-01T11:48:03.617+06:00WETLAND AND WATER RESOURCE MODELING AND ASSESSMENT A Watershed Perspective<script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <br>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">WETLAND AND WATER RESOURCE MODELING AND ASSESSMENT A Watershed Perspective</td></tr>
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<b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Preface: </span><span style="font-size: large;">Toward a Watershed Perspective</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This is a book about the methods and geospatial techniques for modeling and assessing wetlands and water resources at the watershed scale.The theme of the book, wetland and water resource modeling and assessment, is an active field of research that constantly undergoes theoretical and technical innovations. This book emphasizes a watershed perspective in the modeling and assessment areas. </span></div>
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<a href="https://georsgisn.blogspot.com/2020/04/wetland-and-water-resource-modeling-and.html#more"></a>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5728936064969403863.post-35999350936662618892020-03-25T16:23:00.002+06:002021-12-14T13:13:02.452+06:00INTRODUCTIONTO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS<script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <br>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">by <span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre;">Kang-tsung Chang, 9th Edition</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-size: x-large; white-space: pre;">Preface of the Book</span></span><br>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for storing, managing, analyzing, and displaying geospatial data. Since the 1970s GIS has been important for professionals in natural resource management, land use planning, natural hazards, transportation, health care, public services, market area analysis, and urban planning. It has also become a necessary tool for government agencies of all levels for routine operations. The more recent integration of GIS with the Internet, a global positioning system (GPS), wireless technology, and Web service has found applications in location-based services, Web mapping, in-vehicle navigation systems, collaborative Web mapping, and volunteered geographic information.</span><br>
</div><a href="https://georsgisn.blogspot.com/2019/04/introductionto-geographic-information-system-9th-edition.html#more"></a>Geoscience, Remote sensing and GIShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17215025213991001286noreply@blogger.com0