Preface of the Book
This book was primarily written for disaster management students interested in learning
about the many facets of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for disaster management.
The unfortunate reality is that disasters will continue to proliferate in size, scope, and intensity. Future disasters will affect more people in diverse geographical contexts. Given that disasters are fundamentally spatial in nature, GIS plays a critical role in disaster management. However, there is an educational challenge and workforce need for well-educated practitioners and specialists who have a comprehensive, interdisciplinary understanding of the conceptual, technological, analytical, and representational capacities of GIS, as well as the policy and practice of disaster management. My hope is that this book can meet these challenges, even if partially.
The unfortunate reality is that disasters will continue to proliferate in size, scope, and intensity. Future disasters will affect more people in diverse geographical contexts. Given that disasters are fundamentally spatial in nature, GIS plays a critical role in disaster management. However, there is an educational challenge and workforce need for well-educated practitioners and specialists who have a comprehensive, interdisciplinary understanding of the conceptual, technological, analytical, and representational capacities of GIS, as well as the policy and practice of disaster management. My hope is that this book can meet these challenges, even if partially.
Additionally, I have made a particular
point to gather a wide range of practical advice on developing a career in GIS for disaster
management from experts ranging from local county government all the way to the
United Nations. I strongly advise you to read their advice closely and keep it in mind as
you develop and advance your own career if you are a student or use it to guide your students if you are a teacher. If you are GIS student interested in learning about the disaster
management domain, the many examples provided in the book will ideally help you learn
how GIS is applied to disaster management as well as more about GIS itself.
Furthermore, although the adoption of GIS into disaster management practice
continues, there is still much more that can be done with integrating GIS and disaster
management.
Thus, beyond the book’s primary audience, it has been designed to inform,
enlighten, advocate for, and raise awareness of GIS for disaster management with working
disaster management professionals, disaster management policy makers, and academic
disaster management researchers with little to no understanding of GIS. GIS has the
potential to advance interdisciplinary research and perspectives on disaster management
due to the spatial nature of questions that GIS addresses and problems it helps to solve.
Ultimately, it is my intent that anyone reading this book will develop better disaster management spatial thinking skills and learn how GIS can support spatial thinking. Specific GIS software titles will come and go, but it is the underlying spatial thinking skills for disaster management that will remain and are most important. In 2003, when I was working as a GIS programmer in Buffalo, New York, I published my first short article on the topic of GIS for disaster management in a GIS trade magazine. At that time, I had no idea that 11 years later I would be writing the preface to a book-length treatment of the topic. It has been an incredible journey in the intervening years.
Ultimately, it is my intent that anyone reading this book will develop better disaster management spatial thinking skills and learn how GIS can support spatial thinking. Specific GIS software titles will come and go, but it is the underlying spatial thinking skills for disaster management that will remain and are most important. In 2003, when I was working as a GIS programmer in Buffalo, New York, I published my first short article on the topic of GIS for disaster management in a GIS trade magazine. At that time, I had no idea that 11 years later I would be writing the preface to a book-length treatment of the topic. It has been an incredible journey in the intervening years.
There are
many people to thank for helping me along the way to reach this point. I must give a
note of gratitude to my doctoral advisor, Dr. Alan MacEachren of the Pennsylvania State
University Geography Department and GeoVista Center, whom I will always consider my
intellectual father and mentor for developing my abilities to produce a significant work
of scholarship like this book. I must also give strong acknowledgment to my friend and
colleague Lóránt Czárán, from the United Nations, without whom none of my fascinating
and diverse United Nations research and other experiences over the past 7 years would have been possible.
I thank the team at CRC Press, starting with Sarah Chow, who first contacted me about the book project idea. I would also like to give deep gratitude to Mark Listewnik from CRC Press for all of his extraordinary efforts in helping develop this book, especially when I faced a medical situation in 2013 that almost prevented the book’s creation. I also thank Stephanie Morkert and Jennifer Abbott from CRC Press for helping see this book to final publication. I must also give great acknowledgment and gratitude to all of the book’s interviewees for sharing their knowledge, experiences, and advice. Many of them spent many hours of their own time helping revise and edit their interviews, for which I am most grateful.
It was a deep honor for me to have all of them participate in this project and I hope readers of this book will learn from their experiences. I also want to thank Dr. Anthony Vodacek and Dr. Jennifer Schneider from the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) for their help with reviewing book chapters. I also thank my family and friends for all their support. Finally, I want to thank my soon-to-be wife, Allison Ramsay. Allison has been nothing but supportive and encouraging as I took on a massive book-writing project while still pretenure. She has endured the many long hours, often spent on weekends and evenings, with nothing but love and encouragement.
By the time this book is finally published, we will be married and I look forward to a long and happy life with her. This book is not a GIS software training manual. Rather, it is a book of ideas and examples that will show you what GIS is capable of doing for disaster management. Many good GIS software training books have already been written by the people and companies that create and sell GIS software. You are thus encouraged to find GIS software training books that match a particular GIS software title you’re interested in (and perhaps learned about through this book) as a complement to ideas in this book.
I have attempted to take advantage of the length that a book offers to provide a comprehensive treatment of GIS for disaster management. However, a single book cannot cover all aspects of this fascinating, interdisciplinary area. If there is something important that you think I missed, should discuss more, references that should be cited, or anything else, please contact me and tell me so; I would value your feedback. I hope that by reading this book you will learn as much as I did in writing it.
I thank the team at CRC Press, starting with Sarah Chow, who first contacted me about the book project idea. I would also like to give deep gratitude to Mark Listewnik from CRC Press for all of his extraordinary efforts in helping develop this book, especially when I faced a medical situation in 2013 that almost prevented the book’s creation. I also thank Stephanie Morkert and Jennifer Abbott from CRC Press for helping see this book to final publication. I must also give great acknowledgment and gratitude to all of the book’s interviewees for sharing their knowledge, experiences, and advice. Many of them spent many hours of their own time helping revise and edit their interviews, for which I am most grateful.
It was a deep honor for me to have all of them participate in this project and I hope readers of this book will learn from their experiences. I also want to thank Dr. Anthony Vodacek and Dr. Jennifer Schneider from the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) for their help with reviewing book chapters. I also thank my family and friends for all their support. Finally, I want to thank my soon-to-be wife, Allison Ramsay. Allison has been nothing but supportive and encouraging as I took on a massive book-writing project while still pretenure. She has endured the many long hours, often spent on weekends and evenings, with nothing but love and encouragement.
By the time this book is finally published, we will be married and I look forward to a long and happy life with her. This book is not a GIS software training manual. Rather, it is a book of ideas and examples that will show you what GIS is capable of doing for disaster management. Many good GIS software training books have already been written by the people and companies that create and sell GIS software. You are thus encouraged to find GIS software training books that match a particular GIS software title you’re interested in (and perhaps learned about through this book) as a complement to ideas in this book.
I have attempted to take advantage of the length that a book offers to provide a comprehensive treatment of GIS for disaster management. However, a single book cannot cover all aspects of this fascinating, interdisciplinary area. If there is something important that you think I missed, should discuss more, references that should be cited, or anything else, please contact me and tell me so; I would value your feedback. I hope that by reading this book you will learn as much as I did in writing it.
Brian Tomaszewski, PhD
Scottsville, New York, USA
bmtski@rit.edu
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Biography xv
1 A Survey of GIS for Disaster Management 1
Chapter Objectives 1
Introduction 1
GIS and Geographical Context 2
GIS and Situation Awareness 5
The Problem: Continued Need for GIS in Disaster Management 9
Scale, Scope, and Intensity of Disasters 9
Case Study: Burkina Faso—Disasters in the Developing World 10
The Need for Improved Coordination, Sharing, and Interoperability 14
Problems of GIS Awareness in Disaster Management 16
The Opportunity: Increased Awareness and Advocacy of GIS and Mapping 17
Crisis Mapping 18
Interview with Dr. Jennifer Ziemke, Cofounder and Codirector of the International Network of Crisis Mappers 20 Spatial Thinking and Disaster Management 23 Chapter Summary 24 Discussion Questions 25 References 25 2 Fundamentals of Geographic Information and Maps 29 Chapter Objectives 29 Introduction 29 Data vs. Information 30 Scale 30 Three Ways of Representing Map Scale 31 Large- vs. Small-Scale Maps 32 Why Scale Matters: Detail and Accuracy 33 Map Projections 35
Coordinate Systems 39 Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System 39 State Plane Coordinate (SPC) System 43 Datums 43 Reference Ellipsoids 43 Control Points 45 The Importance of Datums 46 Coordinate Systems: The Whole Picture 47
Interview with Dr. Jennifer Ziemke, Cofounder and Codirector of the International Network of Crisis Mappers 20 Spatial Thinking and Disaster Management 23 Chapter Summary 24 Discussion Questions 25 References 25 2 Fundamentals of Geographic Information and Maps 29 Chapter Objectives 29 Introduction 29 Data vs. Information 30 Scale 30 Three Ways of Representing Map Scale 31 Large- vs. Small-Scale Maps 32 Why Scale Matters: Detail and Accuracy 33 Map Projections 35
Coordinate Systems 39 Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System 39 State Plane Coordinate (SPC) System 43 Datums 43 Reference Ellipsoids 43 Control Points 45 The Importance of Datums 46 Coordinate Systems: The Whole Picture 47
Basic Principles of Cartography 47
Mapping Principles 48
Data Measurement 48
Visual Variables 50
Figure and Ground Relationships 51
Map Types: Reference and Thematic 52
Reference Maps 52
Thematic Maps 55
Summary 58
Designing Usable Maps in a GIS Context 59
Common Examples of Poorly Made Maps Created with a GIS 61
Interview with Dr. Anthony C. Robinson 64
Chapter Summary 69
Discussion Questions 70
Resources 70
Principles of Mapping 70 Geodesy (including Datums and Reference Ellipsoids) 70 History of Cartography 70 Basics of Statistical Data Classification for Maps 70 Designing Good Maps in a GIS Context 70 Map Color 71 References 71 3 Geographic Information Systems 73 Chapter Objectives 73 Introduction 73 What Is GIS? 74 Organizing the World Geographically: Map Layers 77 What Can You Do (and Not Do) with GIS Software? 78 Data and Spatial Asset Management 78 Analysis 83 GIS Programming 83 Modeling 84
Cartography, Visualization, and Map Production 87 Geocoding 88 Limitations of GIS 88 Understanding GIS Data Models 89 Vector Models 89 Raster 92 GIS Metadata 95 Specific GIS Technology 96 GIS Technology Platforms and Disaster Management 97 ArcGIS 97 Google Maps and Other Google Geospatial Technology 100
Principles of Mapping 70 Geodesy (including Datums and Reference Ellipsoids) 70 History of Cartography 70 Basics of Statistical Data Classification for Maps 70 Designing Good Maps in a GIS Context 70 Map Color 71 References 71 3 Geographic Information Systems 73 Chapter Objectives 73 Introduction 73 What Is GIS? 74 Organizing the World Geographically: Map Layers 77 What Can You Do (and Not Do) with GIS Software? 78 Data and Spatial Asset Management 78 Analysis 83 GIS Programming 83 Modeling 84
Cartography, Visualization, and Map Production 87 Geocoding 88 Limitations of GIS 88 Understanding GIS Data Models 89 Vector Models 89 Raster 92 GIS Metadata 95 Specific GIS Technology 96 GIS Technology Platforms and Disaster Management 97 ArcGIS 97 Google Maps and Other Google Geospatial Technology 100
QGIS 101
Other Commercial, Free, and Open-Source or Openly Available GIS Technologies 102
OpenStreetMap 102
Other GIS Technologies 102
Free and Open-Source Datasets Relevant to Disaster Management 103
How to Choose the Right GIS Technology for Disaster Management 105
Getting Started with GIS Technology and GIS Technology Configuration Ideas 105
Chapter Summary 107
Discussion Questions 108 Resources Notes 109 References 110 4 Disaster Management and Geographic Information Systems 111 Chapter Objectives 111 Introduction 111 Disaster Management Cycle 112 Terms: Emergency, Disaster, Crisis, and Catastrophe 112 Disaster Management Cycle 113 Role of GIS within Disaster Management Policy and Practice 114 Policy in the United States: The National Incident Management System (NIMS) 115 Incident Command System (ICS) 116 United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Geospatial Concept of Operations (GeoCONOPS) 118 United States National Spatial Data Infrastructure 118 Local Government: Cities, Towns, and Counties 120 County GIS: Interview with Scott McCarty 120 State 123
National 124 FEMA 124 GIS and Other US Federal Agencies 124 Non-US Federal-Level Disaster Management: Interview with Dr. Michael Judex 126 Private Sector 129 Private-Sector Perspective: Interview with Alan Leidner 129 International Disaster Management Community and GIS 132 Nongovernmental Organizations 132 MapAction 132 Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) 133 Crisis Mappers 133 GISCorps 134 International Disaster Management Support Mechanisms 134 International Charter on Space and Major Disasters 134 Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS) 135 World Bank GFDRR 135
Discussion Questions 108 Resources Notes 109 References 110 4 Disaster Management and Geographic Information Systems 111 Chapter Objectives 111 Introduction 111 Disaster Management Cycle 112 Terms: Emergency, Disaster, Crisis, and Catastrophe 112 Disaster Management Cycle 113 Role of GIS within Disaster Management Policy and Practice 114 Policy in the United States: The National Incident Management System (NIMS) 115 Incident Command System (ICS) 116 United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Geospatial Concept of Operations (GeoCONOPS) 118 United States National Spatial Data Infrastructure 118 Local Government: Cities, Towns, and Counties 120 County GIS: Interview with Scott McCarty 120 State 123
National 124 FEMA 124 GIS and Other US Federal Agencies 124 Non-US Federal-Level Disaster Management: Interview with Dr. Michael Judex 126 Private Sector 129 Private-Sector Perspective: Interview with Alan Leidner 129 International Disaster Management Community and GIS 132 Nongovernmental Organizations 132 MapAction 132 Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) 133 Crisis Mappers 133 GISCorps 134 International Disaster Management Support Mechanisms 134 International Charter on Space and Major Disasters 134 Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS) 135 World Bank GFDRR 135
United Nations 136
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: ReliefWeb 136
UN-SPIDER 136
UN-SPIDER Perspectives: Interview with Antje Hecheltjen 137
GIS, Disaster Management, and the United Nations: Interview with Dr. Jörg Szarzynski 139
Chapter Summary 144
Discussion Questions and Activities 145
Resources Notes 146
References 147
5 Geographic Information Systems and Disaster Planning and Preparedness 151
Chapter Objectives 151
Introduction 151
Technology and Dataset Planning and Preparation 153
Essential Disaster Management Map Layers 153
Additional Sources of Ideas for Essential Disaster Management Map Layers 153
Department of Homeland Security Geospatial Data Model 161
Technology Planning and Preparation 161
Organizational Perspectives 161
Using GIS to Support Planning and Preparation Activities 163
Spatial Perspectives on Broader Planning and Preparation Activities 163
Common GIS Tasks for Disaster Planning and Preparation Activities 164
Evacuation Route Planning 164
Evacuation Zone Planning 166 Scenario Modeling to Answer What-If Questions 170 Public Outreach and Citizen Participation 171 GIS and Disaster Management Planning: A United Nations Perspective 175 Interview with Lóránt Czárán 175 Summary 182 Discussion Questions and Activities 183 Resources Notes 184 References 184 6 Geographic Information Systems and Disaster Response 187 Chapter Objectives 187 Introduction 187 Disaster Response Policy in the United States 189 Geographical Aspects of Situation Awareness 192 Maps and Emergency Operation Centers 193 GIS and Disaster Warnings 194 Spatial Data Deluge 194 Thematic Maps 195
Spatial Statistics 195
Evacuation Zone Planning 166 Scenario Modeling to Answer What-If Questions 170 Public Outreach and Citizen Participation 171 GIS and Disaster Management Planning: A United Nations Perspective 175 Interview with Lóránt Czárán 175 Summary 182 Discussion Questions and Activities 183 Resources Notes 184 References 184 6 Geographic Information Systems and Disaster Response 187 Chapter Objectives 187 Introduction 187 Disaster Response Policy in the United States 189 Geographical Aspects of Situation Awareness 192 Maps and Emergency Operation Centers 193 GIS and Disaster Warnings 194 Spatial Data Deluge 194 Thematic Maps 195
Spatial Statistics 195
Hot Spot Mapping 195
Density Mapping 199
Real-Time GIS 200
Disaster Response GIS Products 201
Online Disaster Response Geographic Data Streams 203
GIS and Damage Assessment 203
Field Data Collection and Mobile GIS 204
Public and Disaster Response Mapping—Crisis Mapping and Citizen Reporting 208
Chapter Summary 208
Discussion Questions and Activities 210
Resources Notes 211
References 211
7 Geographic Information Systems and Disaster Recovery 213
Chapter Objectives 213
Introduction 213
Geographical Aspects of Disaster Recovery 214 Using GIS to Support Disaster Recovery Tasks 215 Geocollaboration 215 Restoring Critical Infrastructure 218 Debris Cleanup 220 Recovery Planning 221 Transition from Recovery to Mitigation 223 Interview with David Alexander: US Federal Government Geospatial Technology Leader and Expert 225 Chapter Summary 230 Discussion Questions and Activities 230 Resources Notes 231 References 231 8 Geographic Information Systems and Disaster Mitigation 233 Chapter Objectives 233 Introduction 233 Vulnerability 234 Resilience 235
Disaster Mitigation Policy and International Perspectives on GIS 236 The United States National Mitigation Framework 236 International Perspectives on Disaster Mitigation: UNISDR 237 GIS Techniques for Disaster Mitigation 237 Spatial Indexing and Modeling of Risk and Vulnerability 238 Social Variables 238 Physical Variables 239 Using GIS to Develop Spatial Indexes of Vulnerability and Risk 240
Geographical Aspects of Disaster Recovery 214 Using GIS to Support Disaster Recovery Tasks 215 Geocollaboration 215 Restoring Critical Infrastructure 218 Debris Cleanup 220 Recovery Planning 221 Transition from Recovery to Mitigation 223 Interview with David Alexander: US Federal Government Geospatial Technology Leader and Expert 225 Chapter Summary 230 Discussion Questions and Activities 230 Resources Notes 231 References 231 8 Geographic Information Systems and Disaster Mitigation 233 Chapter Objectives 233 Introduction 233 Vulnerability 234 Resilience 235
Disaster Mitigation Policy and International Perspectives on GIS 236 The United States National Mitigation Framework 236 International Perspectives on Disaster Mitigation: UNISDR 237 GIS Techniques for Disaster Mitigation 237 Spatial Indexing and Modeling of Risk and Vulnerability 238 Social Variables 238 Physical Variables 239 Using GIS to Develop Spatial Indexes of Vulnerability and Risk 240
Chapter Summary 244
Discussion Questions and Activities 247
Resources Notes 248
References 249
9 Special Topics: The Future of GIS for Disaster Management, Developing a GIS for
Disaster Management Career, and Keeping Up with Current Trends 251
Chapter Objectives 251
Introduction 251
Special Topics 252
Visual Analytics 252
Big Data and Disaster Management 253
Serious Games for GIS and Disaster Management 254
Geographic Information Science and Disaster Management 256
The Future of GIS for Disaster Management 256
Interviews 256
Jen Zimeke, PhD, Crisis Mappers (Chapter 1, Specialty: Crisis Mapping) 256
Anthony Robinson, PhD, Penn State (Chapter 2, Specialty: Cartography) 260
Alan Leidner, Booz Allen Hamilton (Chapter 4, Specialty: Private-Sector GIS) 261
Antje Hecheltjen, UN-SPIDER (Chapter 4, Specialty: Remote Sensing) 265
Michael Judex, PhD, German Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (Chapter 4, Specialty: Federal Government GIS (Germany)) 265 Scott McCarty, Monroe County GIS (Chapter 4, Specialty: County Government GIS (United States)) 266 Lóránt Czárán, United Nations Cartographic Section and Office for Outer Space Affairs (Chapter 5, Specialty: Remote Sensing International GIS Organization, United Nation) 267 David Alexander, US Federal Government (Chapter 7, Specialty: Federal Government GIS (United States)) 269 Research Agenda 270 Developing a GIS for Disaster Management Career 272 Interviews 272 Alan Leidner (Chapter 4) 272 Antje Hecheltjen (Chapter 4) 273 Michael Judex, PhD (Chapter 4) 274 Scott McCarty (Chapter 4) 275 Jörg Szarzynski, PhD (Chapter 4) 275 Lóránt Czárán (Chapter 5) 276
David Alexander (Chapter 7) 278 GIS for Disaster Management Career Summary Points 278 Staying Current in the GIS for Disaster Management Field 279 Organizations 279 Conferences 279 Journals and Magazines 279
Michael Judex, PhD, German Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (Chapter 4, Specialty: Federal Government GIS (Germany)) 265 Scott McCarty, Monroe County GIS (Chapter 4, Specialty: County Government GIS (United States)) 266 Lóránt Czárán, United Nations Cartographic Section and Office for Outer Space Affairs (Chapter 5, Specialty: Remote Sensing International GIS Organization, United Nation) 267 David Alexander, US Federal Government (Chapter 7, Specialty: Federal Government GIS (United States)) 269 Research Agenda 270 Developing a GIS for Disaster Management Career 272 Interviews 272 Alan Leidner (Chapter 4) 272 Antje Hecheltjen (Chapter 4) 273 Michael Judex, PhD (Chapter 4) 274 Scott McCarty (Chapter 4) 275 Jörg Szarzynski, PhD (Chapter 4) 275 Lóránt Czárán (Chapter 5) 276
David Alexander (Chapter 7) 278 GIS for Disaster Management Career Summary Points 278 Staying Current in the GIS for Disaster Management Field 279 Organizations 279 Conferences 279 Journals and Magazines 279
Training and Education 280
Volunteer Opportunities 280
Chapter Summary 280
Discussion Questions and Activities 281
Resources Notes 282
References 282
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