CONTENTS
Preface (vii)
1. INTRODUCTION 1—37
1.1 Irrigation ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Impact of Irrigation on Human Environment ............................................................ 2
1.3 Water Resources of India ............................................................................................. 4
1.4 Need of Irrigation in India ........................................................................................... 9
1.5 Development of Irrigation in India ............................................................................ 10
1.6 Major and Medium Irrigation Schemes of India ...................................................... 12
1.7 Minor Irrigation .......................................................................................................... 15
1.8 Command Area Development .................................................................................... 15
1.9 Planning of Irrigation Projects ................................................................................... 17
1.10 Crops and Crop Seasons ............................................................................................. 28
Exercises ...................................................................................................................... 36
References .................................................................................................................... 36
2. HYDROLOGY 38—91
2.1 Hydrology .................................................................................................................... 38
2.2 Hydrologic Cycle ......................................................................................................... 38
2.3 Precipitation ................................................................................................................ 40
2.4 Abstraction from Precipitation .................................................................................. 56
2.5 Runoff .......................................................................................................................... 57
2.6 Stream Flow ................................................................................................................ 60
2.7 Hydrographs ................................................................................................................ 68
2.8 Floods ........................................................................................................................... 84
Exercises ...................................................................................................................... 90
References .................................................................................................................... 91
3. SOIL-WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION METHODS 92—120
3.1 Soils .............................................................................................................................. 92
3.2 Physical Properties of Soil .......................................................................................... 93
3.3 Chemical Properties of Soil ........................................................................................ 95
3.4 Soil-Water Relationships ............................................................................................ 96
3.5 Root-Zone Soil Water .................................................................................................. 99
3.6 Infiltration ................................................................................................................. 102
3.7 Consumptive Use (or Evapotranspiration) ............................................................. 104
3.8 Irrigation Requirement ............................................................................................ 108
3.9 Frequency of Irrigation............................................................................................. 110
3.10 Methods of Irrigation ................................................................................................ 112
3.11 Quality of Irrigation Water ...................................................................................... 118
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 119
References .................................................................................................................. 120
4. GROUND WATER AND WELLS 121—164
4.1 Ground Water Resources .......................................................................................... 121
4.2 Well Irrigation........................................................................................................... 122
4.3 Occurrence of Ground Water ................................................................................... 123
4.4 Flow of Water through Porous Media...................................................................... 127
4.5 Well Hydraulics ......................................................................................................... 128
4.6 Ground Water Exploration....................................................................................... 139
4.7 Pumping Tests (or Aquifer Tests) ............................................................................ 143
4.8 Design of Water Wells .............................................................................................. 145
4.9 Methods of Well Construction .................................................................................. 150
4.10 Well Completion ........................................................................................................ 156
4.11 Development of Wells ............................................................................................... 157
4.12 Pumping Equipment for Water Wells ..................................................................... 160
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 163
References .................................................................................................................. 164
5. CANAL IRRIGATION 165—225
5.1 Canals ........................................................................................................................ 165
5.2 Command Areas ........................................................................................................ 167
5.3 Planning of an Irrigation Canal System ................................................................. 167
5.4 Alignment of Irrigation Canals ................................................................................ 169
5.5 Curves in Canals ....................................................................................................... 172
5.6 Duty of Water ............................................................................................................ 172
5.7 Canal Losses .............................................................................................................. 173
5.8 Estimation of Design Discharge of a Canal ............................................................ 174
5.9 Canal Outlets ............................................................................................................ 175
5.10 Canal Regulation ...................................................................................................... 187
5.11 Delivery of Water to Farms ...................................................................................... 188
5.12 Flow Measurement ................................................................................................... 192
5.13 Assessment of Charges of Irrigation Water ............................................................ 207
5.14 Waterlogging ............................................................................................................. 208
5.15 Drainage of Irrigated Lands ..................................................................................... 219
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 224
References .................................................................................................................. 224
6. MANAGEMENT OF CANAL IRRIGATION IN INDIA 226—251
6.1 Need for Canal Irrigation Management.................................................................. 226
6.2 Inadequacies of Canal Irrigation Management ...................................................... 229
6.3 Objectives and Criteria for Good Canal Irrigation Management .......................... 230
6.4 Methods for Improving Canal Irrigation Management.......................................... 232
6.5 Operation and Maintenance of Canal Irrigation Systems ..................................... 242
6.6 Evaluation of Performance of Canal Irrigation Systems ....................................... 248
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 249
References .................................................................................................................. 250
7. HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS 252—277
7.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 252
7.2 Incipient Motion of Sediment................................................................................... 252
7.3 Regimes of Flow ........................................................................................................ 257
7.4 Resistance to Flow in Alluvial Channels ................................................................. 262
7.5 Transport of Sediment.............................................................................................. 269
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 275
References .................................................................................................................. 276
8. DESIGN OF STABLE CHANNELS 278—316
8.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 278
8.2 Rigid Boundary Channels carrying Clear Water .................................................... 278
8.3 Rigid Boundary Channels carrying Sediment-laden Water .................................. 284
8.4 Alluvial Channels Carrying Clear Water ................................................................ 285
8.5 Alluvial Channels Carrying Sediment-laden Water .............................................. 289
8.6 Procedure for Design of Irrigation Channels .......................................................... 303
8.7 Borrow Pits, Spoil Banks, and Land Width for Irrigation Channel ...................... 311
8.8 Sediment Distribution in an Alluvial Channel ....................................................... 314
8.9 Silting and Berming of Channels ............................................................................. 315
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 316
References .................................................................................................................. 316
9. SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSIDERATIONS
FOR DESIGN OF CANAL STRUCTURES 317—351
9.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 317
9.2 Hydraulic Jump ........................................................................................................ 317
9.3 Seepage Forces .......................................................................................................... 334
9.4 Uplift Force on the Floor of Canal Structure .......................................................... 348
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 349
References .................................................................................................................. 351
10. CANAL REGULATION STRUCTURES 352—377
10.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 352
10.2 Canal Fall .................................................................................................................. 352
10.3 Historical Development of Falls............................................................................... 353
10.4 Types of Canal Falls ................................................................................................. 354
10.5 Cistern Element ........................................................................................................ 355
10.6 Roughening Measures for Energy Dissipation ....................................................... 358
10.7 Trapezoidal Notch Fall ............................................................................................. 361
10.8 Sarda Fall .................................................................................................................. 362
10.9 Glacis Fall .................................................................................................................. 367
10.10 Distributary Head Regulator ................................................................................... 372
10.11 Cross Regulator ......................................................................................................... 373
10.12 Design Criteria for Distributary Head Regulator and Cross Regulator ............... 373
10.13 Control of Sediment Entry into an Offtaking Channel .......................................... 374
10.14 Canal Escapes ........................................................................................................... 376
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 377
References .................................................................................................................. 377
11. CROSS-DRAINAGE STRUCTURES 378—405
11.1 Need of Cross-Drainage Structures ......................................................................... 378
11.2 Types of Cross-Drainage Structures ........................................................................ 378
11.3 Selection of Suitable Types of Cross-Drainage Structure ...................................... 384
11.4 Design of Cross-Drainage Structures ...................................................................... 386
11.5 Waterway and Headway of the Stream................................................................... 388
11.6 Head Loss through Cross-Drainage Structures ...................................................... 389
11.7 Design of Transitions for Canal Waterway ............................................................. 390
11.8 Uplift Pressure on Trough........................................................................................ 396
11.9 Uplift Pressure on Culvert Floor ............................................................................. 397
11.10 Miscellaneous Details ............................................................................................... 398
Exercises .................................................................................................................... 404
References .................................................................................................................. 405
12. RIVERS AND RIVER TRAINING METHODS 406—434
12.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 406
12.2 Classification of Rivers ............................................................................................. 406
12.3 Behaviour of Rivers .................................................................................................. 410
12.4 River Training ........................................................................................................... 416
12.5 River Training Methods ........................................................................................... 418
Exercises .................................................................................................................... ........433
References ......................................................................................................................... 434
13. CANAL HEADWORKS 435—476
13.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 435
13.2 Location of Headworks on Rivers ............................................................................ 435
13.3 Different Units of Headworks .................................................................................. 437
13.4 Weir (or Barrage) ...................................................................................................... 437
13.5 Undersluices .............................................................................................................. 440
13.6 Afflux, Waterway, and Different Levels for Weir Construction ............................ .....441
13.7 Design of Weir ........................................................................................................... 444
13.8 Divide Wall ................................................................................................................ 452
13.9 Fish Ladder ............................................................................................................... 453
13.10 Canal Head Regulator .............................................................................................. 454
13.11 Sediment Control in Canals ..................................................................................... 456
13.12 River Training for Canal Headworks ...................................................................... 473
Exercises .................................................................................................................... .........475
References ........................................................................................................................... 475
14. PLANNING OF WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS 477—487
14.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 477
14.2 Physical Factors ........................................................................................................ 478
14.3 Economic Considerations ......................................................................................... 479
14.4 Environmental Effects .............................................................................................. 480
14.5 Selection of a Project Plan ........................................................................................ 481
14.6 Investigations ............................................................................................................ 483
14.7 Choice of Dams .......................................................................................................... 484
14.8 Planning of Reservoirs .............................................................................................. 485
Exercises .................................................................................................................... .........487
References .................................................................................................................. ........487
15. EMBANKMENT DAMS 488—535
15.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 488
15.2 Design Considerations .............................................................................................. 491
15.3 Estimation and Control of Seepage ......................................................................... 498
15.4 Stability Analysis of Embankment Dams ............................................................... 514
15.5 Slope Protection ........................................................................................................ 532
15.6 Instrumentation ........................................................................................................ 532
15.7 Embankment Construction ...................................................................................... 533
Exercises .................................................................................................................... ......533
References ....................................................................................................................... 534
16. GRAVITY DAMS 535—561
16.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 535
16.2 Forces on a Gravity Dam .......................................................................................... 535
16.3 Causes of Failure of a Gravity Dam ........................................................................ 540
16.4 Stress Analysis in Gravity Dams ............................................................................. 542
16.5 Elementary Profile of a Gravity Dam...................................................................... 546
16.6 Design of Gravity Dams ........................................................................................... 548
16.7 Foundation Treatment ............................................................................................. 554
16.8 Mass Concrete for Dams........................................................................................... 555
16.9 Structural Joints ....................................................................................................... 557
16.10 Keys and Water Seals ............................................................................................... 557
16.11 Galleries..................................................................................................................... 559
16.12 Instrumentation ........................................................................................................ 559
16.13 Outlets ....................................................................................................................... 559
Exercises .................................................................................................................... ..........560
References .................................................................................................................. .........561
17. SPILLWAYS 562—599
17.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 562
17.2 Flood Routing ............................................................................................................ 563
17.3 Components of Spillway ........................................................................................... 570
17.4 Types of Spillways .................................................................................................... 571
17.5 Terminal Structures for Spillways .......................................................................... ...590
17.6 Types of Gates for Spillway Crests ........................................................................... 595
17.7 Cavitation Erosion of Spillway Surface ................................................................... .597
Exercises .................................................................................................................... ........598
References .................................................................................................................. .........599
Appendix 1. Interlinking of Rivers in India ....................................................................... .601
Author Index ....................................................................................................................... 605
Subject Index ....................................................................................................................... 608
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