Environmental Applications of Geochemical Modeling

CONTENTS

Preface xiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Environmental Problems and the Need for Geochemical Modeling 1
1.1.1 High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal 1
1.1.2 Mining Related Environmental Issues 4
1.1.3 Landfills 8
1.1.4 Deep Well Injection of Hazardous Wastes 8
1.1.5 Artificial Recharge to Aquifers 9
1.2 The Regulatory Framework 11
1.2.1 CERCLA or Superfund 11

Groundwater Hydrology Conceptual and Computational Models

Contents

Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Groundwater Investigations – a Detective Story 1
1.2 Conceptual Models 2
1.3 Computational Models 2
1.4 Case Studies 3
1.5 The Contents of this Book 3
1.6 Units, Notation, Journals 5
Part I: Basic Principles 7
2 Background to Groundwater Flow 9

Handbook of Geographic Information

Contents

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................. XXI

Part A Basics and Computer Science
1 Modeling of Geographic Information
Charles Roswell........................................................................................ 3
1.1 Background .................................................................................. 3
1.2 Unified Modeling Language ........................................................... 5
1.3 The General Feature Model ............................................................ 11
1.4 Application Schema Example ......................................................... 15
1.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 17
References .............................................................................................. 17

Interfacing Geostatistics and GIS

This volume has been divided into three parts:

Part I starts with general aspects of geostatistical model building (Pebesma) and then new methodological developments in geostatics are presented, in particular this pertains to neural networks (Parkin and Kanevski), Gibbs fields as used in statistical physics (Hristopulos). Furthermore, new developments in Bayesian spatial interpolation with skewed heavy-tailed data and new classification methods based on wavelets (Hofer et al.) and support vector machines (Chaouch et al.) are presented.

GIS Applications for Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Systems

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK 

There are 17 chapters in this book, organized as follows: 

• Chapter 1, GIS Applications: Describes why GIS applications are important and how they are created 

• Chapter 2, Needs Analysis: Explains how to avoid potential pitfalls of GIS implementation by starting with a needs analysis study The next five chapters describe four GIS-related technologies that are very beneficial in developing GIS applications: 

Hydrologic Remote Sensing

Capacity Building for Sustainability and Resilience

This book  address the following questions:

1. What are the satellite missions for hydrologic remote sensing measurements?

2. How are the accuracy and uncertainty of the satellite remote sensing estimated in key hydrologic variables such as precipitation, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration?

Urban Storm Water Management

Contents

Preface........................................................................................................................................... xiii

Author..............................................................................................................................................xv

Chapter 1 Urbanization Impacts on Runoff...................................................................................1

1.1 Impacts on Storm Water Quantity......................................................................1

1.2 Impacts on Water Quality...................................................................................2

1.3 NPS Pollutants and Their Impacts.....................................................................3

1.3.1 Floatables..............................................................................................5

1.3.2 Sediment................................................................................................5

1.3.3 Nutrients and Pesticides........................................................................8

1.3.4 Heavy Metals....................................................................................... 10

1.3.5 Pathogens, Fecal Coliform.................................................................. 10

1.3.6 Road Salt............................................................................................. 11

1.3.7 Petroleum Hydrocarbons..................................................................... 12

1.3.8 Atmospheric Dust................................................................................ 13

1.4 Management of Storm Water Runoff............................................................... 14

References................................................................................................................... 15

Geochemical Anomaly and Mineral Prospectivity Mapping in GIS

In this volume John Carranza not only offers a comprehensive review of the current state-of-the-art of processing geochemical data, their integration with complementary geodata sets and multivariate data analysis using spatial statistics to create maps enhanced for mineral exploration, but also brings the Handbook series to something of a milestone. This marks the first volume in which the topic of an earlier volume (Vol. 2) is in effect revisited and updated; though the approach and format are – appropriately entirely fresh.

Land Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change

NASA’s Earth Observing System and the Science of ASTER and MODIS

Prologue

Global environmental change fundamentally transforms the physical, chemical,and biological aspects of ecosystems with corresponding socioeconomic repercussions across planet Earth. These changes are largely driven by human as well as natural causes. Global warming and climate change, two near-universal terms in our everyday lexicon, increasingly symbolize environmental change globally. A

closer examination reveals that land use change is perhaps the most immediate and visible type of environmental change occurring globally.

CLASSIFICATION METHODS FOR REMOTELY SENSED DATA

Chapter 1 introduces the basic concepts of remote sensing in the optical and microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This chapter is intended to introduce the field of remote sensing to readers with little or no background in this area, and it can be omitted by readers with adequate background knowledge of remote sensing.

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES FOR MONITORING AND PREDICTION OF DISASTERS

Part 1: Use of Geo-Information technology in large disasters .................9

1. Geoinformation-Based Response to the 27 May Indonesia Earthquake – an Initial Assessment.................................................11
Norman Kerle and Barandi Widartono

Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces

Contents

Editor........................................................................................................ ix
Contributors ............................................................................................ xi
Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces: An Overview................... xv
Qihao Weng

Image Fusion Theories, Techniques and Applications

Preface

The purpose of this book is to provide a practical introduction to the theories, techniques and applications of image fusion. The present work has been designed as a textbook for a one-semester final-year undergraduate, or first year graduate, course in image fusion. It should also be useful to practicing engineers who wish to learn the concepts of image fusion and apply them to practical applications. In addition, the book may also be used as a supplementary text for a graduate course on topics in advanced image processing.The book complements the author’s previous work on multi-sensor data fusion[1] by concentrating exclusively on the theories, techniques and applications of image fusion. 

Introduction to Remote Sensing Fifth Edition

Contents

Preface xv

List of Tables xix

List of Figures xxi

List of Plates xxxi

Part I. Foundations

1. History and Scope of Remote Sensing ...........................................................3
1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................3

Multi temporal Remote Sensing Methods and Applications

Contents

1 Multitemporal Remote Sensing: Current Status, Trends and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Yifang Ban

Field Methods in Remote Sensing

Preface

Practitioners of remote sensing will at some point need to learn how to obtain field data suitable for the various needs of their projects. Effective field data are best obtained through thoughtful planning, thorough knowledge of valid sampling techniques, accurate location-finding procedures, and reliable field measurements. Unfortunately for the beginner, few remote sensing research reports provide thorough accounts of the methods that were followed in the field. Instead, they concentrate on laboratory procedures such as data correction and processing. 

Remote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover-Principles and Applications

Contents

Series Preface....................................................................................................................................ix
Preface..............................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... xiii
Editor...............................................................................................................................................xv
Contributors...................................................................................................................................xvii

Geographic Information Systems in Water Resources Engineering

Preface 

Geographic information systems (GIS) are strongly impacting the fields of water resources engineering, environmental science, and related disciplines. GIS tools for spatial data management and analysis are now considered state of the art, and application of these tools can lead to improved analyses and designs. Familiarity with this burgeoning technology may be a prerequisite for success in our efforts to create reliable infrastructure and sustain our environment. 

---

GIS is rapidly changing the ways that engineering planning, design, and management of water resources are conducted. Advances in data-collection technologies—using microprocessor-based data-collection platforms and remote sensing—provide new ways of characterizing the water environment and our built facilities. Spatial databases containing attribute data and imagery over time provide reliable and standardized archival and retrieval functions, and they allow sharing of data across the Internet. GIS analysis functions and linked mathematical models provide extensive capabilities to examine alternative plans and designs. 

Map-oriented visualizations in color, three-dimensional, and animation formats help communicate complex information to a wide range of participants and interest groups. Moreover, interactive GIS database and modeling capabilities permit stakeholders to participate in modeling activities to support decision making. GIS is an all encompassing set of concepts and tools that provides a medium for integrating all phases of water resources engineering planning and design

This book provides relevant background on GIS that is useful in understanding its advanced applications in water resources engineering. The book has been developed with two primary sections. For the first part of the book (Chapters 1–4), the emphasis is on developing an understanding of the nature of GIS, recognizing how a GIS is used to develop and analyze geographic data, differentiating between the various types of geographic data and GISs, and summarizing data development and database concepts. Primary field-data collection and methods of interpretation and analysis are also introduced. 

The second part of the book (Chapters 5–12) focuses on the various subdomains of water resources engineering, the data involved, linkage of GIS data with water resource analysis models, and management applications. Applications include watershed hydrologic and groundwater modeling, water and wastewater demand forecasting, pipe network modeling, nonpoint sources of water pollution, floodplain delineation, facilities management, water resources monitoring and forecasting, and river-basin management decision-support systems. The applications include descriptions of GIS database development, analysis background theory, and model integration with the GIS

The chapter titles in the book are as follows: 

1. Introduction 

2. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems 

3. GIS Data and Databases 4. GIS Analysis Functions and Operations 

5. GIS for Surface-Water Hydrology 

6. GIS for Groundwater Hydrology 

7. GIS for Water-Supply and Irrigation Systems 

8. GIS for Wastewater and Stormwater Systems 

9. GIS for Floodplain Management 

10. GIS for Water Quality 

11. GIS for Water Resources Monitoring and Forecasting 

12. GIS for River Basin Planning and Management

At the end of each chapter there is a list of references related to the specific topic covered in that chapter. The GIS literature is large and growing rapidly, and relevant works are found in a diversity of sources. Some are found in refereed journals of civil engineering, water resources, and planning. Other works are found in government agency publications, academic programs, and on Web sites for both. Although the collected references and Web links are considered a valuable resource, I make no claim that it is comprehensive. For many readers, the references listed will be sufficient; for others wishing to go farther, they will serve only as a beginning.

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Geographic Information Systems in Water Resources Engineering

Geostatistics for Environmental and Geotechnical Applications

Foreword

This publication, Geostatistics for Environmental and Geotechnical Applications, contains papers presented at the symposium of the same name held in Phoenix, Arizona on 26-27 Jan. 1995. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee on DIS on Soil and Rock. 

The symposium co-chairmen were: R. Mohan Srivastava, FSS International; Dr. Shahrokh Rouhani, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marc V. Cromer, Sandia National Laboratories; and A. Ivan Johnson, A. Ivan Johnson, Inc.

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Geostatistics for Environmental and Geotechnical Applications

QGIS and Applications in Water and Risks

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter 1. Monitoring Coastal Bathymetry Using Multispectral Satellite Images at High Spatial Resolution . . . . . . . 1 
Bertrand LUBAC

Remote Sensing of Wetlands Applications and Advances

Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix Editors...............................................................................................................................................xi Contributors................................................................................................................................... xiii Acronyms.......................................................................................................................................xvii

Section I  Introduction to the Use of Remote Sensing for Wetland Mapping 

Chapter 1 Wetlands: An Overview ...............................................................................................3 
Ralph W. Tiner 

Chapter 2 Classification of Wetland Types for Mapping and Large-Scale Inventories.............. 19 Ralph W. Tiner 

Chapter 3 Introduction to Wetland Mapping and Its Challenges ............................................... 43 Ralph W. Tiner 


Chapter 4 Early Applications of Remote Sensing for Mapping Wetlands.................................. 67 Ralph W. Tiner 

Remote Sensing of Hydrological Extremes

Preface

Water is the most important natural resource we possess on the planet. Too much water—floods—can cause tremendous damage by washing away roads and buildings, eroding land, and destroying crops and livestock. Floods often result in the loss of human lives, and can have huge impacts on national economies when occurring at large scales. At the other end of this spectrum are droughts. Droughts

result in reduced crop yield when irrigation sources are unavailable and rainfall is the only source of water for crops.