Preface- Nowadays it is hard to find areas of human activity and development that have not profited from or contributed to remote sensing.
Natural, physical and social activities find in remote sensing a common ground for interaction and development. From the end-user point of view, Earth science, geography, planning, resource management, public policy design, environmental studies, and health, are some of the areas whose recent development has been triggered and motivated by remote sensing. From the technological point of view, remote sensing would not be possible without the advancement of basic as well as applied research in areas like physics, space technology, telecommunications, computer science and engineering. This dual conception of remote sensing brought us to the idea of preparing two different books. The present one is meant to display recent advances in remote sensing applications, while the accompanying book is devoted to new techniques for data processing, sensors and platforms. Strictly speaking, remote sensing consists of collecting data from an object or phenomenon without making physical contact. In practice, most of the time we refer to satellite or aircraft-mounted sensors that use some sort of electromagnetic radiation to gather geospatial information from land, oceans and atmosphere with increasingly high spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. Space agencies in charge of collecting remotely sensed data have shown a notorious interest in making these data available for research and social development. The confluence of remote sensing technology with other sciences has resulted in an exponential growth of knowledge, technology development and assessment of all kind of physical and natural phenomena, as well as human activities that share a common ground: geospatial information. However, the success of remote sensing influencing other areas of knowledge and human activity has not always been a paved way. The variables of great interest to scientists in different areas are not readily available from the raw remotely-sensed data. Even when the data has been processed and converted to physical-related values, or even linked to human and natural artifacts like crop fields, roads, urban areas, geomorphologic structures, vegetation indices, etc., the relationship between these and the more abstract variables that explain them such as human settlement dynamics, geophysical phenomena, climate change, etc. remain a major field of study and research. This book intends to show the reader how remote sensing impacts other areas of science, technology, and human activity, by displaying a selected number of high quality contributions dealing with different remote sensing applications. Twenty two chapters have been carefully collected and distributed in four areas. The first part deals with land cover applications, and contains applications in vegetation indices, crop and pest monitoring, rainfall and fire relationship with vegetation, change detection, soil salinization, modeling water and heat regimes, catastrophe assessment and lava flow mapping. The second part contains contributions on climate and atmosphere, including carbon and water dynamics, ocean evaporation, and atmospheric aerosols and clouds. The third part presents oceans and cryosphere applications that include aquatic vegetation, oil spill assessment, coral reef habitat mapping, water source predictability from snow maps, cryosphere study, and maritime search and rescue. Last but not least, the last part presents contributions dealing with human activity, including population estimation, archaeology, urban growth, medicine and healthcare and military applications. I am indebted to all authors who have contributed to this book. Without their strongest commitment this book would not have been possible. I am also thankful to InTech editorial team who has provided the opportunity to publish this book.
Boris Escalante-Ramírez
National Autonomous University of México,
Faculty of Engineering, Mexico City,
Mexico
Contents
Chapter 1
Narrowband Vegetation Indices for
Estimating Boreal Forest Leaf Area Index ...........3
Ellen Eigemeier, Janne Heiskanen, Miina Rautiainen,
Matti Mõttus, Veli-Heikki Vesanto, Titta Majasalmi
and Pauline Stenberg
Chapter 2
Crop Disease and Pest Monitoring by Remote Sensing......................... 31
Wenjiang Huang, Juhua Luo, Jingcheng Zhang, Jinling Zhao,
Chunjiang Zhao, Jihua Wang, Guijun Yang, Muyi Huang,
Linsheng Huang and Shizhou Du
Chapter 3
Seasonal Variability of Vegetation
and Its Relationship to Rainfall and
Fire in the Brazilian Tropical Savanna ........................................................................................................77
Jorge Alberto Bustamante, Regina Alvalá
and Celso von Randow
Chapter 4
Land Cover Change Detection in
Southern Brazil Through Orbital
Imagery Classification Methods......................................................................................................................... 99
José Maria Filippini Alba, Victor Faria Schroder
and Mauro Ricardo R. Nóbrega
Chapter 5
Mapping Soil Salinization of
Agricultural Coastal Areas in Southeast Spain .....117
Ignacio Melendez-Pastor, Encarni I. Hernández,
Jose Navarro-Pedreño and Ignacio Gómez
Chapter 6
Remote Sensing Based
Modeling of Water and Heat
Regimes in a Vast Agricultural Region ........141
A. Gelfan, E. Muzylev, A. Uspensky,
Z. Startseva and P. Romanov
VI Contents
Chapter 7
High Resolution Remote Sensing Images
Based Catastrophe Assessment Method ....177
Qi Wen, Yida Fan, Siquan Yang, Shirong Chen,
Haixia He, Sanchao Liu, Wei Wu, Lei Wang, Juan Nie,
Wei Wang, Baojun Zhang, Feng Xu, Tong Tang,
Zhiqiang Lin, Ping Wang and Wei Zhang
Chapter 8
Automatic Mapping of the Lava Flows at
Piton de la Fournaise Volcano, by Combining
Thermal Data in Near and Visible Infrared .......................................................................201
Z. Servadio, N. Villeneuve and P. Bachèlery
Section 2 Climate and Atmosphere.................. 221
Chapter 9
Coupled Terrestrial Carbon
and Water Dynamics in Terrestrial
Ecosystems: Contributions of Remote Sensing ................................223
Baozhang Chen
Chapter 10
Oceanic Evaporation: Trends and Variability ....................................................261
Long S. Chiu, Si Gao and Chung-Lin Shie
Chapter 11
Multi-Wavelength and Multi-Direction Remote
Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols and Clouds 279
Hiroaki Kuze
Section 3 Oceans and Cryosphere ........................................295
Chapter 12
Remote Sensing of
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation.................................... 297
Hyun Jung Cho, Deepak Mishra and John Wood
Chapter 13
Remote Sensing and Environmental
Sensitivity for Oil Spill in the Amazon, Brazil 309
Milena Andrade and Claudio Szlafsztein
Chapter 14
Satellite Remote Sensing of Coral Reef
Habitats Mapping in Shallow Waters at Banco
Chinchorro Reefs, México: A Classification Approach ......................................................331
Ameris Ixchel Contreras-Silva, Alejandra A. López-Caloca,
F. Omar Tapia-Silva and Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada
Chapter 15
Predictability of Water Sources
Using Snow Maps Extracted from
the Modis Imagery in Central Alborz, Iran ..........................................................................................................355
Seyed Kazem Alavipanah, Somayeh Talebi and Farshad Amiraslani
Chapter 16
Remote Sensing of Cryosphere .......................................................................369
Shrinidhi Ambinakudige and Kabindra Joshi
Chapter 17
Remote Sensing Application in
the Maritime Search and Rescue .....................381
Jing Peng and Chaojian Shi
Section 4 Human Activity Assessment................................... 405
Chapter 18
Object-Based Image Analysis of VHR
Satellite Imagery for Population Estimation
in Informal Settlement Kibera-Nairobi, Kenya ............................................................................407
Tatjana Veljanovski, Urša Kanjir, Peter Pehani,
Krištof Oštir and Primož Kovačič
Chapter 19
Remote Sensing Applications
in Archaeological Research ..................................435
Dimitrios D. Alexakis, Athos Agapiou,
Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis and Apostolos Sarris
Chapter 20
The Mapping of the Urban Growth of
Kinshasa (DRC) Through High Resolution
Remote Sensing Between 1995 and 2005 ......................................................................................463
Kayembe wa Kayembe Matthieu,
Mathieu De Maeyer and Eléonore Wolff
Chapter 21
Remote Sensing for Medical
and Health Care Applications .............................479
Satoshi Suzuki and Takemi Matsui
Chapter 22
Demonstration of Hyperspectral Image
Exploitation for Military Applications ............493
Jean-Pierre Ardouin, Josée Lévesque,
Vincent Roy, Yves Van Chestein and Anthony Faust
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