Contents
Chapter 1 Verification and Validation of Free Surface Flow Models ..........................1
Contributor: Sam S.Y. Wang
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................1
1.2 Modeling of Physical Systems ..............................................................................5
1.3 Free Surface Flow Numerical Model Development .............................................7
1.4 Verification and Validation ...................................................................................8
1.5 Outline of a Systematic Model Verification and
Validation Procedure ..................................................................................................12
1.6 Other Issues of Importance ...................................................................................14
1.7 Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations and Input Data ..................................15
1.8 Request for Feedback .............................................................................................15
1.9 References ..............................................................................................................15
Chapter 2 Terminology and Basic Methodology ............................................................19
Contributor: Patrick J. Roache
2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................19
2.2 Semantics ..............................................................................................................19
2.3 Code Verification and Validation: Numerical vs.
Conceptual Modeling ...................................................................................................20
2.4 Code Confirmation ................................................................................................25
2.5 Benchmarks and Inter-Code Comparisons ............................................................26
2.6 Code Certification, Quality Assurance, and Accreditation ....................................27
2.7 Verification of Calculations ...................................................................................27
2.8 Estimation of Uncertainty ......................................................................................27
2.9 Grid Convergence vs. Iterative Convergence ........................................................28
2.10 Error Taxonomies ................................................................................................28
2.11 Truncation Error vs. Discretization Error............................................................. 29
2.12 Calibration and Tuning .......................................................................................30
2.13 Software and Codes ............................................................................................31
2.14 Code Options ......................................................................................................31
2.15 Zonal Verification ...............................................................................................32
2.16 Etymology and Near-Synonyms ........................................................................32
2.17 Limitations of Semantic Distinctions ................................................................32
2.18 Basic Methodology of Calculation Verification ................................................33
2.19 References 43
Chapter 3 Analytical Solutions for Mathematical Verification ................................45
Contributor: Peter E. Smith
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 45
Contributors: Peter E. Smith and Francisco J. Rueda
3.2 Test Case 1: Free-Surface Seiching in a Closed
Rectangular Basin with Horizontal Bottom ............................................................58
Contributors: Francisco J. Rueda and Peter E. Smith
3.3 Test Case 2: Free-Surface Seiching in a Closed Circular
Basin with a Horizontal Bottom ............................................................................64
Contributors: Francisco J. Rueda and Peter E. Smith
3.4 Test Case 3: Tidal Forcing in a Rectangular Basin with a
Horizontal Bottom .................................................................................................72
Contributors: Francisco J. Rueda and Peter E. Smith
3.5 Test Case 4: Tidal Forcing in a Rectangular Basin with a Varying Bottom Slope and Linear Bottom Friction ......................................79
Contributors: Francisco J. Rueda and Peter E. Smith
3.6 Test Case 5: Wind-Driven Flow in a Closed Rectangular Basin with a Horizontal Bottom .....................................................................93
Contributors: Yafei Jia and Sam S.Y. Wang
3.7 Test Case 6: Internal-Wave Seiching in a Rectangular Basin with a Horizontal Bottom ...................................................................102
Contributors: Francisco J. Rueda and Peter E. Smith
3.8 Test Case 7: Density-Driven Flow in a Rectangular Basin with a Horizontal Bottom ..............................................................................110
Contributors: Wenrui Huang, Malcolm Spaulding
and Tien-Shuenn Wu
3.9 Test Case 8: A Three-Step Procedure to Check Nonlinear Effects from Tidal Circulation in a Square Basin with a Horizontal Bottom .........................................................................................114
Contributors: Tien-Shuenn Wu, Gerald S. Janowitz,
Wenrui Huang, and Steven C. McCutcheon
Chapter 4 Mathematical Verification Using Prescribed or Manufactured Solutions ........................................................................................................................120
Contributors: Sam S.Y. Wang and Yafei Jia
4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................120
Contributors: Sam S.Y. Wang
4.2 Method of Prescribed Solution Forcing (PSF) .....................................122
Contributors: Sam S.Y. Wang and Weiming Wu
4.3 Method of Manufactured Solution (MMS) ..............................................132
Contributor: Yafie Jia
4.4 Model Verification Procedure of MMS ..................................................147
Contributor: Yafei Jia
4.5 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................149
4.6 References ................................................................................................151
Chapter 5 Physical Process Validation ...........................................................153
5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................153
Contributor: Sam S.Y. Wang
5.2 Overview of Tests Cases ..........................................................................155
Contributor: Sam S.Y. Wang
5.3 Free Overfall Flow Test Case ...................................................................158
Contributors: Yafei Jia and Sam S.Y. Wang
5.4 Delft U-Shaped Channel Flow (Indoor) Test Case ..................................164
Contributor: Yafei Jia
5.5 Riprap Test Facility (Outdoor) Test Case............................................... 191
Contributors Nigel G. Wright and H.P. Morvan
5.6 Flow in a Channel with a Spur Dike Test Case ......................................207
Contributors: Yafei Jia and Sam S.Y. Wang
5.7 Flow Around a Submerged Trapezoidal Spur Dike
Test Case ........................................................................................................215
Contributors: Yafei Jia, Sam S.Y. Wang,
Roger A. Kuhnle, and Carlos V. Alonso
5.8 Flows Around a Groyne and in Harbor..................................................... 230
Contributors: Klaus-Peter Holz and Peter Mewis
Chapter 6 Application Site Validation ...........................................................248
Contributor: Richard A. Schmalz, Jr.
6.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................248
Contributor: Sam S.Y. Wang
6.2 Overview of Test Cases ...............................................................................251
Contributor: Richard A. Schmalz, Jr.
6.3 Chesapeake Bay Test Case .........................................................................253
Contributors: Billy H. Johnson, Harry V. Wang
and Mac Sisson
6.4 San Francisco Bay Test Case .....................................................................271
Contributor: Peter E. Smith
6.5 Apalachicola Bay Test Case ......................................................................293
Contributors: Wenrui Huang, Tien-Shuenn Wu,
William K. Jones, Gilmar Rodriguez,
and Steven C. McCutcheon
6.6 Meldorf Bay Test Case ...............................................................................310
Contributors: Roberto Mayerle and Christian Winter
6.7 Tokyo Bay Test Case ..................................................................................322
Contributors: Mutsuto Kawahara, Toshio Kodama
and Yan Ding
6.8 Victoria Bendway, Mississippi River, Test Case ........................................345
Contributors: Yafei Jia and Sam S.Y. Wang
Chapter 7 A Systematic Model Verification and Validation Procedure ...........367
Contributor: Sam S.Y. Wang
7.1 Introduction 367
7.2 A Model Verification and Validation Procedure ........................................369
7.3 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................383
7.4 References.................................................................................................. 384
Chapter 8 Systems Analysis Considerations ....................................................385
Contributors: Richard A. Schmalz, Jr. and Bernard B. Hsieh
8.1 Introduction 385
Contributors: Richard A.Schmalz, Jr
and Bernard B. Hsieh
8.2 Optimal Design of Field Data Collection ...............................................389
Contributor: Bernard B. Hsieh
8.3 Reliability Analysis ................................................................................402
Contributor: Bernard B. Hsieh
8.4 Galveston Bay Nowcast/Forecast System Development
and Validation ................................................................................................417
Contributor: Richard A. Schmalz, Jr.
Chapter 9 Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations .................................456
Contributor: Sam S.Y. Wang
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................456
9.2 The Need of Model Verification and Validation .........................................456
9.3 The Methodology of Flow Model Verification
and Validation ...................................................................................................458
9.4 The Test Cases Provided ............................................................................460
9.5 Recommendations .....................................................................................460
Appendix A Input Data for Test Cases ............................................................463
Editors: Yan Ding and Sam S.Y. Wang
A.1 Introduction ................................................................................................463
A.2 Input Data Sets for Chapter 5 ....................................................................463
A.3 Input Data Sets For Chapter 6 ...................................................................465
Appendix B Forcing Term Formulations and FORTRAN Codes
for Using the Method of Manufactured Solutions ..........................................472
Contributor: Yafei Jia
B.1 Introduction 472
B.2 Forcing Term Formulations ......................................................................472
B.3. FORTRAN Codes ....................................................................................482
Index ...............................................................................................................483
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